Term
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Definition
Ingestion
Propulsion
Mechanical digestion
Chemical digestion
Absorption
Defecation |
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Term
| Organs are divided into two groups- name them and their organs |
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Definition
The alimentary canal
Mouth, pharynx, and esophagus
Stomach, small intestine, and large intestine (colon)
Accessory digestive organs
Teeth and tongue
Gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
Major means of propulsion
Adjacent segments of the alimentary canal relax and contract |
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Term
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Definition
Rhythmic local contractions of the intestine
Mixes food with digestive juices |
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Term
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Definition
a serous membrane
Visceral peritoneum – surrounds most digestive organs. Continuous with
Parietal peritoneum – lines the body wall |
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Term
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Definition
| a slit-like potential space between parietal and visceral peritoneum, containing a lubricating serous fluid secreted by the peritoneum. Allows organs to glide |
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Term
Mesenteries
a double layer of peritoneum -
Sheet of two serous membranes fused back to back
Extend to the digestive organs from the _____
Holds ___ in place
Sites of ___ storage
Provides a route for _____ and ___ to reach the organs in the peritoneal cavity |
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Definition
a double layer of peritoneum -
Sheet of two serous membranes fused back to back
Extend to the digestive organs from the body wall
Holds organs in place
Sites of fat storage
Provides a route for circulatory vessels and nerves to reach the organs in the peritoneal cavity |
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Term
| MOST mesenteries are ____ mesenteries. |
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Definition
MOST mesenteries are dorsal mesenteries.
They extend dorsally from the alimentary canal to the posterior abdominal wall |
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Term
superior abdomen; two ___ mesenteries:
Extend ____ from the stomach and liver to the ____ abdominal wall |
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Definition
superior abdomen; two ventral mesenteries:
Extend ventrally from the stomach and liver to the anterior abdominal wall |
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Term
| Two _____ mesenteries: falciform ligament and lesser omentum |
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Definition
| Two ventral mesenteries:falciform ligament and lesser omentum |
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Term
| greater omentum has _____ |
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Definition
| greater omentum (lots of fat) |
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Term
secondarily retroperitoneal organs are
_____ the peritoneum and Lack _____
5 examples: |
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Definition
secondarily retroperitoneal organs
Behind the peritoneum.Lack mesenteries
5 examples: rectum, duodenum, ascending colon, descending colon, pancreas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Intraperitoneal: liver-stomach-ileum,jejunum-transverse colon-sigmoid colon |
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Term
Histology of the Alimentary Canal Wall
Same four layers from esophagus to anus |
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Definition
The mucosa – innermost layer
Submucosa – external to the mucosa
The muscularis externa – external to the submucosa
The serosa – the outermost layer |
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Term
The mucosa – innermost layer
Consists of: 3 |
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Definition
The mucosa – innermost layer
Consists of:
Lining epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae |
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Term
Submucosa – external to the mucosa
Consists of: |
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Definition
Submucosa – external to the mucosa
Consists of:
Contains blood and lymphatic vessels, nerve fibers |
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Term
| The muscularis externa – external to the submucosa |
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Definition
The muscularis externa – external to the submucosa
Two layers of smooth muscles
Circular muscularis
Longitudinal muscularis |
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Term
| The serosa – the outermost layer |
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Definition
The serosa – the outermost layer
The visceral peritoneum |
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Term
Nerve plexuses (network, group of nerves going to the same place)
Myenteric nerve plexus stimulates ____
Submucosal nerve plexus (signals glands in the mucosa to ___ and muscularis mucosae to ____ |
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Definition
Nerve plexuses (network, group of nerves going to the same place)
Myenteric nerve plexus (intestinal - peristalsis,segmentation)
Submucosal nerve plexus (signal glands in the mucosa to secrete and muscularis mucosae to contract) |
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Term
| Digestive activity is largely _____. Controlled by internal nervous system of ____ neurons (100 millions neurons). Independent reflex arcs of sensory, intrinsic, and motor neurons. |
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Definition
| Digestive activity is largely automatic. Controlled by internal nervous system of enteric neurons (100 millions neurons). Independent reflex arcs of sensory, intrinsic, and motor neurons. |
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Term
The Mouth and Associated Organs
The mouth – oral cavity _ 3 layers |
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Definition
The Mouth and Associated Organs
The mouth – oral cavity
Mucosal layer
Stratified squamous epithelium
Lamina propria |
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Term
The lips and cheeks
Formed from ___ and _____ muscles, respectively |
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Definition
The lips and cheeks
Formed from orbicularis oris and buccinator muscles, respectively |
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Term
| filiform papillae vs fungiform papillae and cirumvallate papillae |
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Definition
filiform papillae - roughen
fungiform papillae + circumvallate - taste buds |
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Term
The Salivary Glands
small ____ salivary glands are scattered throughout tongue, lips, palate and cheeks- keeps mouth moist at all times
____ salivary glands lie external to mouth secrete saliva around meal time. 3 paired glands : ___, ___, ____ |
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Definition
The Salivary Glands
small intrinsic salivary glands are scattered throughout tongue, lips, palate and cheeks-keeps mouth moist at all thimes
extrinsic salivary glands lie external to mouth secrete saliva around meal time. 3 paired glands : parotid, submandibular, sublingual |
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Term
The Pharynx
Oropharynx and laryngopharynx – passages for air and food
Lined with _____(resembles mouth) - protects from abrasions
External muscle layer -(type of muscle) - volontary - cranial nerve ()
Consists of superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors to squeeze the bolus into the ___ |
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Definition
The Pharynx
Oropharynx and laryngopharynx – passages for air and food
Lined with stratified squamous epithelium (resembles mouth) - protects from abrasions
External muscle layer -skeletal - volontary - cranial nerve X
Consists of superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors to squeeze the bolus into the esophagus |
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Term
The Esophagus
Gross anatomy – muscular tube
Begins as a continuation of the ____
Joins the stomach inferior to the _____ |
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Definition
The Esophagus
Gross anatomy – muscular tube
Begins as a continuation of the pharynx
Joins the stomach inferior to the diaphragm |
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Term
The Esophagus
Microscopic anatomy
Epithelium is _____epithelium
When empty – mucosa and submucosa in _____ folds |
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Definition
The Esophagus
Microscopic anatomy
Epithelium is stratified squamous epithelium
When empty – mucosa and submucosa in longitudinal folds |
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Term
The Esophagus
Mucous glands – primarily compound ____ glands |
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Definition
The Esophagus
Mucous glands – primarily compound tubuloalveolar glands |
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Term
The Esophagus
Muscularis externa – ____ muscle first third of length then ____ muscle |
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Definition
The Esophagus
Muscularis externa – skeletal muscle first third of length then smooth muscle |
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Term
The Esophagus
Most external layer – _______
Propels swallowed food to the stomach.
Lumen is _____ when empty |
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Definition
The Esophagus
Most external layer – adventitia
Propels swallowed food to the stomach.
Lumen is collapsed when empty |
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Term
The Esophagus
Abdominal part (__cm long) joins the stomach at the ____orifice. ____ sphincter: close off the lumen prevents regurgitation of acidic stomach juices |
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Definition
The Esophagus
Abdominal part (2cm long) joins the stomach at the cardiac orifice. Cardiac sphincter: close off the lumen prevents regurgitation of acidic stomach juices |
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Term
The Stomach
-churns food into ____
-secretes pepsin (digests ____)
-water and electrolytes are absorbed
-food remains for _ hours |
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Definition
The Stomach
-churns food int chyme
-secretes pepsin (digests protein)
-water and electrolytes are absorbed
-food remains for 4 hours |
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Term
stomach
fundus -
body -
pyloric region - |
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Definition
stomach
fundus - upper dome
body - mid portion
pyloric region - inferior part |
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Term
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Definition
| the stomach holds 1.5 liters |
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Term
Stomach microscopic anatomy
-____ muscular layer jack knifes stomach
-simple ____ epithelium
-secrete _____ buffer mucus
-gastric pits secrete- mucus cells, mucus neck cells, parietal cells (___), chief cells (____), enteroendocrine (____) cells, undifferentiated cells |
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Definition
Stomach microscopic anatomy
-oblique muscular layer jack knifes stomach
-simple columnar epithelium
-secrete bicarbonate buffer mucus
-gastric pits secrete- mucus cells, mucus neck cells, parietal cells (hcl), chief cells (pepsin), enteroendocrine (hormones) cells, undifferentiated cells |
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Term
The Small Intestine – Gross Anatomy
Longest portion of the alimentary canal ___feet
Site of most ____ digestion and ____
Digestive enzymes are secreted by the ____
Peristalsis |
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Definition
The Small Intestine – Gross Anatomy
Longest portion of the alimentary canal 12-15feet
Site of most enzymatic digestion and absorption
Digestive enzymes are secreted by the pancreas
Peristalsis |
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Term
Three subdivisions
Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum |
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Definition
Three subdivisions
Duodenum (5%), jejunum(40%), and ileum (60%) |
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Term
The Small Intestine – Microscopic Anatomy
Modifications for absorption-very large surface area; __ square meters
___ folds (plicae circulares)(~1cm tall)
Transverse ridges of ____ and ____.Folds force chyme to spiral through the ____, slowing its movement and allowing time for complete absorption |
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Definition
The Small Intestine – Microscopic Anatomy
Modifications for absorption-very large surface area; 200 square meters
Circular folds (plicae circulares)(~1cm tall)
Transverse ridges of mucosa and submucosa.Folds force chyme to spiral through the intestinal lumen, slowing its movement and allowing time for complete absorption |
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Term
Villi – finger-like projections of the mucosa
Covered with ____ epithelium
Absorptive cells absorption of digested _____ |
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Definition
Villi – finger-like projections of the mucosa
Covered with simple columnar epithelium
Absorptive cells absorption of digested nutrients |
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Term
| Microvilli – further increase surface area for ____ Very long densely packed |
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Definition
| Microvilli – further increase surface area for absorption. Very long densely packed |
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Term
Histology of the Intestinal Wall
______ – uptake digested nutrients
_____ – secrete mucus that lubricates chyme
_____ – secrete hormones
____ – epithelial cells secrete intestinal juice |
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Definition
Histology of the Intestinal Wall
Absorptive cells – uptake digested nutrients
Goblet cells – secrete mucus that lubricates chyme
Enteroendocrine cells – secrete hormones
Intestinal crypts – epithelial cells secrete intestinal juice |
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Term
The Large Intestine
Digested residue contains few _____
Small amount of digestion by ____
Main functions – ____ and _____
Mass peristaltic movements force _____ toward the rectum
Residues remain ~12-24 hrs
Wider than small intestine but shorter |
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Definition
The Large Intestine
Digested residue contains few nutrients
Small amount of digestion by bacteria
Main functions – absorb water and electrolytes
Mass peristaltic movements force feces toward the rectum
Residues remain ~12-24 hrs
Wider than small intestine but shorter |
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Term
Gross Anatomy of Large Intestine
Subdivided into:
5 |
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Definition
Gross Anatomy of Large Intestine
Subdivided into:
Cecum, vermiform appendix, colon, rectum, anal canal |
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Term
Special features of large intestine
Teniae coli (____), haustra- ___, and epiploic appendages - |
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Definition
Special features of large intestine
Teniae coli (muscle tone), haustra- sac, and epiploic appendages -membrane covered “omental appendices”-fat-filled pouches |
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Term
Microscopic Anatomy of Large Intestine
Villi are _____
Contains numerous ____ cells
Intestinal crypts – __ glands
Lined with _____ epithelial tissue
Epithelium changes at anal canal
Becomes _____ epithelium
Innervation by sympathetic and parasympathetic
Plexus
Final part of the anal canal is innervated by _____ nerves (not visceral) |
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Definition
Microscopic Anatomy of Large Intestine
Villi are absent
Contains numerous goblet cells
Intestinal crypts – simple tubular glands
Lined with simple columnar epithelial tissue
Epithelium changes at anal canal
Becomes stratified squamous epithelium
Innervation by sympathetic and parasympathetic
Plexus
Final part of the anal canal is innervated by somatic nerves (not visceral) |
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Term
The Liver
Largest organ in the body ~__pounds
Performs over 500 functions
Digestive function – __ production
Performs many metabolic functions; ___ and ___ storage, detoxification, blood protein ___, lipid ___
___ -liver cell |
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Definition
The Liver
Largest organ in the body ~3pounds
Performs over 500 functions
Digestive function – bile production
Performs many metabolic functions; glycogen and vitamins storage, detoxification, blood protein synthesis, lipid synthesis
Hepatocyte -liver cell |
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Term
The Liver
Liver has two surfaces: ___ and ____ surfaces
The diaphragmatic surface faces ___ and _____
The visceral surface faces ____
Bare area is fused to the ____ and is devoided of peritoneum |
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Definition
The Liver
Liver has two surfaces: diaphragmatic and visceral surfaces
The diaphragmatic surface faces anteriorly and superiorly
The visceral surface faces posteroinferiorly
Bare area is fused to the diaphragm and is devoided of peritoneum |
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Term
The Liver
Porta hepatis where most of the major __, ___ and ___ enter and leave the liver
Right and left hepatic ducts carry ___ away from the liver
Blood enters the liver from the ___ and the ___ and leaves the liver from the ____. |
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Definition
Porta hepatis where most of the major arteries, veins and nerves enter and leave the liver
Right and left hepatic ducts carry bile away from the liver
Blood enters the liver from the hepatic artery and the hepatic portal vein and leaves the liver from the hepatic vein. |
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Term
Liver
Hepatic Portal System of Circulation |
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Definition
Liver
Hepatic Portal System of Circulation
liver lobule every corner has portal triad- portal arteriole, portal venule, bile duct. arterial blood = oxygen, portal vein = blood for processing. central vein carries blood out to inferior vena cava |
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Term
The Duodenum and Related Organs
Gallbladder
Small pear-shaped organ
Stores and concentrates __
___ is a digestive liquid secreted by the ___
__ emulsifies fats and neutralizes acids
__ flows into the duodenum via the __ duct |
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Definition
The Duodenum and Related Organs
Gallbladder
Small pear-shaped organ
Stores and concentrates bile
Bile is a digestive liquid secreted by the liver
Bile emulsifies fats and neutralizes acids
Bile flows into the duodenum via the bile duct |
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Term
The Pancreas
___ function - 98% total cells
Acinar cells make, store, and secrete ____ enzymes for digestion
Enzymes are activated in the ____
Endocrine function Islet of Langerhans– produces ___ and ____
Regulates blood sugar |
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Definition
The Pancreas
Exocrine function - 98% total cells
Acinar cells make, store, and secrete pancreatic enzymes for digestion
Enzymes are activated in the duodenum
Endocrine function Islet of Langerhans– produces insulin and glucagon
Regulates blood sugar |
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