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| An organic molecule composed of a chain of an even number of carbon atoms with a carboxyl group on one end and a methyl group on the other; one of the structural sub units of triglycerides and phospholipids |
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| A simple sugar, or sugar monomer; chiefly glucose, fructose and galactose |
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| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) |
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| A molecule composed of Adenine, Ribose, and three phosphate groups that functions as a universal energy-transfer molecule. |
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| Pertaining to compounds of Carbon |
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| Any chain of more than 10 or 15 amino acids |
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| A reaction in with two chemical monomers are joined together with water produced as a byproduct; also called a condensation reaction. Compare Hydrolysis. |
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| the clinging of identical molecules to each other. |
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| any chain of 2 or more amino acids |
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| A viscous 3 carbon alcohol that forms the structural backbone of triglyceride and phospholipid molecules. Also known as glycerin |
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| The region of a protein that bonds to a Ligand, such as the substrate binding site of an enzyme or the hormone-binding site of a receptor. |
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| An enzyme that hydrolyzes a triglyceride into fatty acids and glycerol |
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| a lipid molecule that is composed of 4 interconnected carbon rings; cholesterol and several of its derivatives. |
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| A change in the three-dimensional conformation of a protein that destroys its enzymatic or other functional properties, usually caused by extremes of temperature or pH. |
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| A connective tissue composed primarily of adiposytes; fat |
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| a chemical that is acted upon and changed by an enzyme. |
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| The ability of an enzyme to bind only one substrate or a limited range of related substrates |
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| a chemical that reduces the surface tension of water and enables it to penetrate other substances more effectively. Examples include Pulmonary surfactants and bile salts |
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| A polymer of simple sugars; for example glycogen, starch, and cellulose |
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| small organic molecules with an amino group and a carboxyl group; the monomers of which proteins are composed |
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| pertaining to molecules that attract water or dissolve in it because of their polar nature |
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| Exercise in which Oxygen is used to provide ATP; Endurance Exercise |
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| A glucose polymer synthesized by liver, muscle, uterine and vaginal cells that serves as an energy storage polysaccharide |
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| a phospholipid molecule with a carbohydrate covalently bonded to it, found in the plasma membranes of cells |
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| A hormone produced by B cells of pancreatic islets in response to a rise in blood glucose concentration; accelerates glucose uptake and metabolism by most cells of the body, thus lowering blood glucose concentration |
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| A molecule that consists of a long chain of identical |
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| A series of chemical reactions in which the product of one step is an enzyme that produces an even greater number of product molecules at the next step, resulting in a rapidly increasing amount of reaction product. Seen in hormone action and blood clotting, for example |
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| A chemically distinct subunit of a macromolecule, such as the heme and globin moieties of hemoglobin or the lipid and carbohydrate moieties of aglycolipid |
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| the 3-dimensional structure of a protein that results from the interaction between its amino acid side groups, its interaction with water, and the formation of disulfide bonds |
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| a steroid that functions as part of the plasma membrane and as a precursor for all other steroids in the body. |
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| pertaining to molecules that DO NOT attract water or dissolve in it because of their nonpolar nature; such molecules tend to dissolve in lipids and other nonpolar solvents. |
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| A protein molecule with a smaller carbohydrate covalently bonded to it; found in mucus and the glycocalyx of cells, for example |
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| Any chemical produced by metabolism |
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| a layer of carbohydrate molecules covalently bonded to the phospholipid and protein molecules of a plasma membrane; forms a surface coat on all human cells |
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| a carbohydrate composed of two simple sugars joined by a glycosidic bond; for example lactose, sucrose, maltose |
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| One of the identical or similar subunits of a larger molecule in the dimer of to polymer range; for example, the glucose monomers of starch, the amino acid monomers of a protein, or the nucleotides of DNA |
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| a disaccharide composed of two glucose monomers |
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| a lipid composed of three fatty acids joined to a glycerol; also called a triacyglycerol or neutral fat |
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| a chemical reaction that breaks a covalent bond in a molecule by adding an - OH group to one side and an -H group to the other side, thus consuming a water molecule. Compare Dehydration Synthesis |
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| A state in which one organic compound is bound to another compound of a different class, such as a protein conjugated with a carbohydrate to form a glycoprotein |
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| Any molecule of large size and high molecular weight such as a protein, nucleic acid, polysaccharide or triglyceride. |
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| an organic functional group with the formula -COOH found in many organic acids such as amino acids and fatty acids |
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| a metal ion that binds to an enzyme and activates its catalytic function |
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| A series of Linked Chemical reactions, most of which are catalyzed by a separate enzyme; glycolysis for example |
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| an organic acid produced as an end product of the anaerobic fermentation of pyruvic acid; a contributing factor in muscle fatigue |
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| a group of atoms such as an amino or carboxyl group, that determines the functional characteristics of an organic molecule |
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| The sum of all chemical reactions in a body. |
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| Any chemical that lowers the activation energy of a chemical reaction and thus makes the reaction proceed more rapidly; a role served in cells by enzymes |
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| a series of anaerobic oxididation reactions that break down a glucose molecule into two molecules of pyruvic acid and produce a small amount of ATP |
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| A protein that functions as a catalyst |
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| A group of 4 covalently bonded atoms that links 2 amino acids in a peptide. |
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| inorganic elements extracted from soil by plants and passed p the food chain to humans |
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| the total number of protons and neutrons |
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| single negative charge. Determine the chemical properties of an atom. An atom is neutral because the # electrons = # protons |
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| Variations of an element that differ in number of neutrons, and therefore atomic mass. Chemically similar |
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| converts atoms to ions in the form of high-energy radiation. Electrons are ejected, causing molecules to be destroyed and producing free-radicals. |
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alpha - 2 protons, 2 neutrons; can't penetrate skin.
beta: one free electron, slightly penetrates skin
gamma: most dangerous; high energy radiation |
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| charged particles with unequal number of protons and electrons |
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| Occurs when there is a transfer of electrons from one atom to another (increase stability of valence shell) |
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| gain electrons, negatively charged |
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| lose electrons, positively charged |
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| chemical particles with an odd number of electrons, produced by normal metabolic reactions, radiation, chemicals. Can cause tisse damage |
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| chemical particles composed of two or more atoms joined by a chemical bond |
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| a molecule has two or more different elements |
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| shows the elements and how many atoms of each are present |
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| show the location of each atom. Differentiate between isomers. |
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| Ionic, Covalent, Hydrogen, Van der Waals forces |
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| weak attraction between an anion and cation. |
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| Sharing one or more pairs of electrons |
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| Covalent Bond where electrons are shared equally |
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| Electrons are attracted more strongly to one than the other |
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| substances that are physically blended, but not chemically combined. Body Fluids, chemicals dissolved or suspended in water |
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| tendency of one substance to cling to another |
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| the amount of heat that raises the temperature of 1 g of water 1 degree C |
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| consists of particles of matter (solute) mixed with a more abundant substance (solvent). not visibly distinguishable, don't separate, pass easily through membrane |
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| mixtures of protein and water, blood plasma, usually cloudy appearance, remain mixed, too large to permeate membrane |
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| contain large particles mixed with solvent and usually separate when left standing. RBCs in blood. |
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