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| repetition of an experiment to confirm the results |
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| idea of how something works.. explains what is observed and makes predictions about future events |
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| 1. theory 2. hypothesis 3. data |
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| specific prediction of what should be observed if theory is correct |
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| scientific process that involves the systematic and careful collection of data |
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| objective observations or measurements |
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| things that can be measured and that can vary |
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| the quantification of a variable that allows it to be measured |
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| a study wherein variables are both measured and manipulated |
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| measure that is affected by the manipulation of the "manipulated" variable |
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| anything that affects a dependent variable that may unintentionally vary between the different experimental conditions of a study. this is bad. |
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| each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any level of the independent variable |
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| examines how variables are naturally related in the world, without any attempt by researcher to alter them |
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| occurs when you cannot directly manipulate the independent variable and therefore cannot be confident that another unmeasurable variable is not the actual cause of differences in the dependent variable |
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| (observational study) research method that involves observing and noting behavior in order to provide a systematic and objective analysis |
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| a passive descriptive study in which observers do not change or alter ongoing behavior |
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| type of descriptive study in which researcher is actively involved in the situation |
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research method of careful and systematic assessment and coding of overt behavior
(i.e. watching gestures during social interaction) it is the major data-collection method for descriptive studies |
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| the effect that occurs when the knowledge that one is being observed alters the behavior being observed |
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| systematic errors in observation that occur due to an observer's expectations |
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| experimenter expectancy effect |
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| actual change in behavior of the people or animals being observed that is due to observer bias |
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| a method of data collection in which people are asked to provide information about themselves, such as in questionnaires or surveys |
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| socially desirable responding |
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| when people respond to a question in a way that is most socially acceptable or makes them look good |
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| research method that involves the intense examination of one person |
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| a research method in which researchers quantify perceptual or cognitive processes in response to a specific stimulus. quantified in 3 basic ways: reaction time, response accuracy, stimulus judgments |
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| how well a stimulus is perceived |
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| psychophysiological assessment |
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research method that examines how changes in bodily functions are associated with behavior or mental state
i.e polygraphs |
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| method of data collection that measures electrical activity in the brain.. measures EEG patterns |
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| positron emission tomography (PET) |
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| method of brain imaging that assesses metabolic activity by using a radioactive substance injected into the bloodstream |
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| magnetic response imaging (MRI) |
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| newest/most powerful imaging technique.. provides very high quality images of intact human brains.. relies on the fact that protons contained in hydrogen behave like tiny magnets |
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| institutional review boards (IRBs) |
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| groups of people responsible for reviewing proposed research to ensure that it meets the accepted standards of science and provides for the physical and emotional well-being of research participants |
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| a process in which people are given full information about a study, which allows them to make a knowledgeable decision about whether to participate. all participants are entitled to this information. |
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| the extent to which data collected address the research hypothesis in the way intended |
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| the extent to which a measure is stable and consistent over time in similar conditions |
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| the extent to which an experimental measure is free from error |
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| a measure that represents the typical behavior of the group as a whole |
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| "medium" middle.. value that lies exactly halfway between lowest and highest values |
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| most frequent score/value in set of numbers |
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| in a set of numbers, how widely dispersed the values are from each other and from the mean |
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| statistical measure of how far away each value is on average from the mean |
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| statistical procedure that provides a numerical value (between 1 and -1) indicating strength and direction of the relation between 2 variables |
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| set of procedures used to make judgments about whether differences actually exist between sets of numbers |
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