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Chapter 2
Chemical principles
88
Biology
Undergraduate 2
07/15/2008

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Term
The study of interactions between atoms and molecules
Definition
Chemistry
Term
The smallest unit of matter that enters chemical reactions
Definition
atom
Term
Atoms interact together to form ______ .
Definition
Molecules
Term
Atoms are composed of 3 things:
Definition

electrons

protons

neutrons

Term
uncharged particles
Definition
Neutrons
Term
Positive particles
Definition
Protons
Term
Negative particles
Definition
Electrons
Term

What particles are located in the nuclease?

Definition

Protons

neutrons

Term
What particles are located around the nucleus?
Definition
Electron
Term

T/ F?

Each chemical element has a different number of protons

Definition
True
Term
Atoms with different numbers of neutrons
Definition
Isotopes
Term

What is Electron configuration?

Definition

When electrons are arranged in electron shells corresponding to different energy levels

Term
How many electrons can fit on the 1st 3 electron shells?
Definition

1) 2

2) 4

3) 8

Term
  • attractions between ions of opposite charge.
  • one atom loses electrons and another gains electrons
Definition
Ionic bond
Term
Bond where 2 atoms share one or more pairs of electron
Definition
Covalent Bond
Term
Bond when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an O or N atom in another molecule
Definition
hydrogen bond
Term
The sume of the atomic weight in a molecule
Definition
molecular weight
Term
What is one mole of a substance?
Definition
Its molecular weight in grams
Term

Reaction involving the making and breaking of bonds between atoms

Definition
chemical reaction
Term
A change during in chemical energy occurs during
Definition
chemical reaction
Term
Endergonic reaction
Definition
absorb energy
Term
Exergonic reaction
Definition
release energy
Term

Occurs when atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new, large molecules

 

A + B -> AB

Definition
Synthesis reaction
Term

Occurs when a molecule is split into smaller molecules, ions, or atoms

 

AB -> A + B

Definition

Decomposition reaction

Term
What is anabolism?
Definition
the synthesis of molecules in a cell
Term

What is catabolism?

Definition

The decomposition reactions in a cell

Term
What is metabolism?
Definition

The constant work of catabolism and anabolism in the body

Term

A reaction that are part synthesis and part decomposition

 

NaOH + HCl -> NaCL + H2O

Definition
Exchange reaction
Term

Reaction that can readily go in either direction but each direction may need special conditions

 

A + B ->(heat) AB

Definition
Reversible reactions
Term
What are 2 things organic compounds always contain?
Definition

carbon

hydrogen

Term
Inorganic compounds typicall lack ______
Definition
carbon
Term

an example of an inorganic compound

Definition
Water
Term

Water is a good example of what type of molecule?

Definition
a polar molecule
Term

Like goes in like

Definition
Polar
Term
Polar substances dissociate, forming solutes
Definition
solvent
Term
What 2 chemicals participate in chemical reactions?
Definition
H+ and OH-
Term
Hydrogen bonding between water and molecules makes water a ________________
Definition
temperature buffer
Term
a substance that dissociates into one or more H+
Definition
acid
Term
A substance that dissociates into one or more OH -
Definition
base
Term
substance that dissociates into cations and anions, neither of which is H+ or OH-
Definition

salt

Term
What is PH?
Definition
expresses the amount of H+ in a solution
Term
Ph
Definition
-log [H+]
Term
Increase acidity
Definition
Increase H+
Term
Increase alkalinity
Definition
Increase OH-
Term
On the PH scale, most microbes grow best where?
Definition
between 6.5 - 8.5
Term
The chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule
Definition
carbon skeleton
Term
What is responsible for most of the chemical properties of a particular organic compound?
Definition
functional groups
Term

What is a macromolecule?

Definition
When small organic molecules can combine into one large macromolecule
Term
Macromolecules consist of many small repeating molecules known as a ______
Definition
polymers
Term
The smaller molecules
Definition
monomer
Term

The adding of water in a reaction

Definition
hydrolysis
Term
Monomers join together by what?
Definition
Dehydration synthesis
Term
These are important for structure and as energy sources for the body
Definition
carbohydrates
Term
What elements does carbohydrate consist of?
Definition
C, H, and G
Term
Simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbon atoms?
Definition
monosaccharides
Term
Formed when 2 monosaccharides are joined in a dehydration synthesis
Definition

Disaccharides

Term
How can disaccharides be broken down?
Definition
By hydrolysis
Term
Consist of 2 to 20 monosaccharides
Definition

Oligosaccharides

Term
consist of 10's to 100's of monosaccharides joined together by dehydration synthesis
Definition
polysaccharides
Term
A polymer of 2 sugars repeating many times and is on fungus
Definition
chitin
Term

What are the primary components of cell membranes?

Definition
Lipids
Term
These are nonpolar and insoluble in water
Definition
LIPIDS
Term

These are simple lipids

Definition

Fats

triglyerides

glycerol

fatty acids

 

 

all formed by dehydration synthesis

Term
Type of fat that has one or more double bonds in the fatty acids
Definition
Unsaturated fats
Term

These contain C, H, and O, P, N, or S

Memrbane made of phospholipid

Definition
complex lipids
Term
Consist of 4 carbon ring with an -OH group attached to one ring
Definition
steroids
Term
These are essential in cell structure + function
Definition
Protein
Term
Proteins that speed chemical reactions
Definition
enzymes
Term
Type of protein that moves chemicals across membranes
Definition
Transport proteins
Term
What are flagella made out of ?
Definition
protein
Term
Some bacterial toxins are what?
Definition

proteins

Term
Consist of subunits called amino acids
Definition
Proteins
Term

Exist in either of 2 steroisoisomers, D or L

L forms are most often found in nature

Definition
amino acids
Term
Bond between amino acids that are formed by dehydration synthesis
Definition
peptide bond
Term
What are the levels of protein structure?
Definition

1) Primary structure

2) Secondary structure

3) Tertiary structure

4) quatenary structure

Term
What are 4 proteins ?
Definition

glycoproteins

nucleoproteins

lipoproteins

Term
Consist of nucleotides
Definition
Nucleic acid
Term
Nucleotides consist of :
Definition

1) Pentose

2) phosphate group

3) nitrogen containing (purine or pyrimidine) base

Term
Has deoxyribose and exists as a double helix
Definition
DNA
Term
A hydrogen bond with _____
Definition
T
Term
C hydrogen bonds with
Definition
G
Term
Has ribose and is single stranded
Definition
RNA
Term
A hydrogen bonds with U
Definition
C hydrogen bonds with G
Term
Has ribose, adenine, and 3 phosphate groups
Definition

ATP

adeno triphosphate group

Term
How is atp made?
Definition
By dehydration synthesis
Term
How is ATP broken down?
Definition
It is broken down by hydrolysis to liberate useful energy for the cell
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