Term
| What are some important things for classification? |
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Definition
| Morphology, cell wall structure, metabolic characteristics |
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Term
| What are some shapes of bacteria (morphologies)? |
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Definition
| Spherical, rod-shaped, comma-shaped, spiral |
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Term
| What is a: spherical, rod-shaped, comma-shaped, and spiral bacteria called? |
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Definition
| Coccus/cocci; bacillus/bacilli; vibrio/vibrios; spirillum/spirilla |
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Term
| What are some mixtures of morphologies? What is it called when that happens? |
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Definition
Ovoid coccus: coccusbacili / coccoid
Pleiomorphic |
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Term
| What are some multicellular organizations of bacteria? |
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Definition
| Hyphae, mycelia, trichomes |
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Definition
| Branching filaments of cells |
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Definition
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Definition
| Smooth, unbranched chains of cells |
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Term
| What are some arrangements of bacteria? |
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Definition
| Staphylo, strepto, diplo, tetrad, single |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| What is the average size of bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the size of a small eukaryotic cell? |
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Definition
| Greater than 5 micrometers in diameter |
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Term
| What are the exceptions to the general size of a bacterium? |
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Definition
| Thiomargarita namibienis, Epulopiscium fishelsoni |
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Term
| Thiomargarita namibienis: size |
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Definition
| Up to 700 micrometers in diameter |
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Term
| Epulopiscium fishelsoni: size |
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Definition
| 200-700 micrometers by 80 micrometers |
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Term
| What is the size of some mycoplasma cells? |
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Definition
| 0.2 micrometers in diameter |
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Term
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Definition
| Originally categorized as "blue-green algae," but DNA showed these were actually bacteria -> had to be renamed. |
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Term
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Definition
No membrane; not the nucleus
Stores DNA |
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Term
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Definition
In prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Made of protein & ribosomal RNA
Not membrane-bound
Where translation occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| Pigments that convert sunlight energy to chemical energy |
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Term
| What is an organism that utilizes bacteriophylls? |
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Definition
Cyanobacteria
Organisms with bacteriophylls are usually found in water |
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Term
| What is the purpose of gas vesicles? |
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Definition
Means of mobility / buoyancy in water
Allows bacteria to stay where the water is warm (which changes between night & day) |
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Term
| What is the structure of gas vesicles? |
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Definition
Rigid, hollow, spindle-shaped protein
They vary in L&W depending on the organism and are only permeable to gas |
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Term
| Where are gas vesicles located? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteria lose their plasmids after subculturing 4-5 times; must go back to the original culture (to avoid mutations / metabolic alterations) |
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Term
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Definition
| Freeze-drying cells (original culture, especially) to keep them |
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Term
| What is the cytoplasmic membrane and what does it contain in bacteria & archaea? |
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Definition
Thin structure that surrounds the cell
Phospholipid bilayer 6-8 mm thick
Highly selective permeable barrier separating cytoplasm from the environment |
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Term
| What does the cytoplasmic membrane do? |
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Definition
| Enables concentration of specific metabolites and excretion of waste products |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the bacteria's outer membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| Made in the cell and released into the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| The first infection that makes you sick |
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Term
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Definition
| The second infection that sneaks in while your body is fighting the primary one |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Mycology, bacteriology, virology, parasitology |
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Term
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Definition
Semigrid peptidoglycan cell wall
NAG & NAM |
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Term
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Definition
| Ester linkages bond fatty acids to glycerol |
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Term
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Definition
Thick peptidoglycan layer
Less complex |
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Term
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Definition
Thin peptidoglycan layer (2-3 nm), inner membrane, and outer membrane
More complex |
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Term
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Definition
Peptidoglycan cell wall
B/c "nam" |
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Term
| What is the bacteria cell wall made of? |
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Definition
| Polymer of interlocking chains of identical peptidoglycan monomers |
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Term
| What is the polymer of the cell wall made of? |
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Definition
NAG & NAM chains joined by NAM's glycan tetrapeptide.
Peptide bridge will vary from organism to organism |
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Term
| What is the function of the cell wall? |
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Definition
| Gives it shape; prevents osmotic lysis |
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Term
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Definition
Breaks bonds between NAG & NAM
Most prevelant in tears |
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Term
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Definition
| Adds new monomers and reseals the cell wall |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Gram-negative: semipermeable outer membrane composition |
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Definition
Phospholipids, lipoproteins
Lypopolysaccharides (LPS), varying proteins |
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Term
| Gram-negative: semipermeable outer membrane function |
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Definition
| Adds strength, triggers innate response (inflammatory, faver, phagocytosis) |
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Term
| Composition of the outer layer of the outer membrane (gram negative bacteria) |
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Definition
Lipid A (endotoxin) embedded in the membrane
Cure and O-specific polysaccharide portion extending outward |
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Term
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Definition
The engulfing of stuff
Macrophages, neutrophils |
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Term
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Definition
| Something that holds things together |
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Term
| Gram-negative: semipermeable outer membrane proteins |
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Definition
Differ with species / strain
Activities: enzymes, adhesins, invasins |
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Term
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Definition
Between outer membrane, peptidoglycan layer, and the cytoplasmic (inner) membrane
Contains enzymes |
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Term
| What enzymes does the periplasm contain? |
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Definition
Hydrolytic enzymes for nutrient breakdown
Binding proteins to facilitate nutrient transfer
Chemoreceptors for chemotaxis response |
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Term
| Gram Positive Cell Wall Composition |
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Definition
| Thick peptidoclycan wall (20-80 nm) interwoven with teichoic acids, and proteins |
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Term
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Definition
Extend through the cell wall (G+)
Acidic polysaccharides |
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Term
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Definition
| Associated with lipids in cell membrane |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Complex (aka differential) stain |
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Definition
Multiple stains used
Primary and Secondary (Counter) stain |
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Term
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Definition
| Methylene blue, crystal violet, safranin (red color) |
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Term
| The gram stain is complex. What are the two stains? |
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Definition
Primary: crystal violet
Secondary: safranin |
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Term
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Definition
Organism doesn't stain appropriately
Difficult OR 24+ hours old |
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Term
| How do structures on the surface of bacterial cells allow for complex interactions with the environment? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Spiral, hollow, rigid filaments extending from the cell surface (location / number varies from species to species) |
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Term
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Definition
| Stains specifically for flagella; makes it look like a pencil line |
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Term
| Using dark-filed / phase-contrast microscopy |
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Definition
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Term
| Motility Test Medium (MTM) |
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Definition
Can stain with TTC
Inoculate; if flagella, the rest of the medium becomes turbid |
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Term
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Definition
| Can actually see the flagella move |
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Term
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Definition
Movement without direction
Caused by random bumpings and such, not flagella movement |
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Term
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Definition
| How flagella cause bacteria to move in a solid medium (agar) |
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Term
| Three pieces that make flagella |
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Definition
Filament of multiple flagellin proteins (5-10 micrometers long)
Hook protein portion that connects filament to the basal body
Basal body (disc-like structure; produces torque) |
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Term
| Proton Motive Force (PMF) |
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Definition
| Energy to spin the flagella is derived from this |
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Term
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Definition
Flagella in the periplasm
Spin -> rotates entire cell body like a corkscrew |
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Term
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Definition
Gliding
Twitching (via pili) |
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Term
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Definition
| Myxobacteria, cyanobacteria |
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Term
| What bacteria use the twitching motion? |
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Definition
| N. memingitidis, P. aeruginosa |
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Term
| What else (not flagella things) is on the outside of a bacteria cell? |
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Definition
| Adherence molecules (e.g.,pili posses proteins on their tips for sticking) |
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Term
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Definition
| Thick layer of polysaccharides surrounding some cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Provides adhesion, defense against host immunity, protection against drying out |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What does a capsule look like under a microscope? |
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Definition
| Seen as a halo - any non-colored section around an organism after staining |
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Term
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Definition
| Provide protection & survivability in harsh environments |
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Term
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Definition
Production of spherical dormant or "resting" stage
Can remain dormant & viable indefinitely |
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Term
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Definition
Resistant to heat, chemicals, dehydration, pressure
Requires sterilization to kill them |
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Term
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Definition
Do not stain with routine stains
Schaeffer-Fulton or fluorescent stain
(Gram MAY indicate presence)
(also: transmission electron microscope) |
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Term
| What morphologies are particularly disease causing? |
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Definition
| Cocci, bacilli, and spiral |
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Term
| Clinically important genera for endospores |
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Definition
aerobic Bacillus
obligate anaerobic Clostridium |
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Term
| Sizes of endospores (useful for identification) |
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Definition
| Spherical, subspherical, oval |
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Term
| Location of endospores (useful for identification) |
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Definition
| Central, terminal, subterminal |
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Term
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Definition
Exosporium thin protein layer
Peptidoglycan cortex layer
Core (DNA, cytoplasm, ribosomes) |
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Term
| How do they form?(I think this is the proper way to ask this...er...) |
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Definition
| Dipicoloric acid core and calcium stabilizes the DNA and reduces water availability |
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Term
| How does the Schaefer-Fulton stain work? |
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Definition
Dipicoloric acid binds to it; high concentration in endospores
Green (b/c of malachite green) endospores. Red vegetative cell. |
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Term
| Thermoactinomyces sacchari |
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Definition
Isolated from a 9,000 year old sedimate sample
Possibly the oldest living organism
"Farmer's lung" |
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Term
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Definition
Hypersensitivity pneumonia
Exposure to inhaled thermophillic actinomycetes |
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Term
| Thermophillic actinomycetes |
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Definition
T. sacchari
T. vulgaris
T. viridis
Saccharoplyspura rectivigula |
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