• The state of becoming emotionally or physically drained to the point that one cannot perform functions meaningfully.
• In a burnout state, counselors develop a negative self-concept, a negative job attitude, and even a loss of concern, compassion, and feeling for others.
• The single most common personal consequence of working as a counselor.

• A professional, statutory, or nonstatutory process "by which an agency or association grants recognition to an individul for having met certain predetermined professional qualifications.
• 'limited license'
• Basically implies that the person meets the minimum skills necessary to engage in that profession and has no known character defects that would interfere with such a practice.

• Clients are held "responsible only for solving their problems but not for causing them."
• Clients are viewed as "suffering from the failure of their social environments to meet their needs."

• The accrediting body for counselor education programs.
• Evolved from ACES and ACA to establish standards and guidelines for counseling independent of the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE)

• stay up-to-date on theories and practice, getting needed supervision to ensure excellence in treatment, and advocating for both their clients and the profession of counseling.
• Counselors must obtain a certain number of CEUs annually to stay abreast of the latest and best methods of working.
• Offered by approved professional counseling organizations on the local, state, regional, and national levels.

• Obtaining proper credentials to practice as a counselor is important to individual counselors and to the counesling profession as a whole.
• "Credentialed counselors possess enhanced visibility and credibility."
• 4 types of professional credentials: Inspection, registration, certification, and licensure.

• based on stages various personality theorists have outlined that people go through as a normal part of human growth.
• Counseling from this perspective is premised on whether a problem a client is having is part of a developmental task in life that individuals in early adulthood may struggle with.
• Developmental Counseling and Therapy
• Wellness emphasizes the positive nature and health of human beings
• Resilience is the ability to recover relatively quickly from setbacks and trauma
• Solution-focused theory is a counseling approach based on the wellness model which emphasizes health and strength and helping clients tap into their inner resources and find solutions to situations that already exist in their lives.
• A cornerstone of the developmental/wellness approach is its stress on prevention and education.

• Compatible with the International Classification of Diseases manual.

• This model holds "clients responsible for causing their problems but not for solving them."
• Clients are seen as "guilty individuals whose lives are out of control."
• The disadvantage in this model is that they may become dependent on the counselor who acts in the role of an authority figure, or they may structure their lives around external sources of authority after they have completed counseling.

• "a state agency periodically examines the activities of a profession's practitioners to ascertain whether they are practicing the profession in a fashion consistent with the public safety, health, welfare."
• May include a review of case notes on treatment during a specific period, a review of agency procedures, and personal interviews.

• "the statutory process by which an agency of government, usually a state, grants permission to a person meeting predetermined qualifications to engage in a given occupation and/or use a particular title and to perform specified funcions."

• "clients are held responsible for either the cause of their problem or its solution."
• Counselors who adopt this model act basically as experts and provide the necessary services for change.

• "Clients are seen as responsible for both causing and solving their problems."
• Counselors are viewed primarily as coaches or motivators.

• Must have a minimum of 48 semester or 72 quarter hours of graduate study in counseling or a related field, including a master's degree in counseling from a regionally accredited institution of higher education.
• One of the two NBCC certifications that are accredited by the National Commission for Certifying Agencies (NCCA).
• Prerequisite for all specialty certifications with NBCC.

• Also known as generalist human services workers.
• One of the three levels of helping relationships.

• A portofolio is a form of communication that documents "an individual's training, work, and pertinent life experiences."
• A working portfolio is a continous collection of unabridged artifacts counselors can use as evidence of professional competence.
•  A presentation portfolio is more limited in nature and usually consists of materials needed for a particular project, such as becoming an expert witness in a court of law.

• These persons are educated to provide assistance on both a preventive and a remedial level.
• People in this group include, counselors, psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, psychiatric nurses, and marriage and family therapists.
• Workers on this level have a specialized advanced degree and have had supervised internships to help them prepare to deal with a plethora of situations.

• Earn a medical degree (MD) and complete a residency in psychiatry.
• They are specialists in working with people who have major psychological disorders.
• Schooled in the biomedical model, "which focuses on the physical processes thought to underlay mental and emotional disorders."
• Prescribe medications and then evaluate the results.

• Earn one of the following advanced degrees in psychology: a doctor of philosophy (PhD), a doctor of education (EdD), or a doctor of psychology (PsyD).
• Coursework and internships may be concentrated in clinical, counseling, or school-related areas.

• Requires practitioners to submit information to the state concerning the nature of their practice.
• This method is employed as a way to gain legal recognition for counselors who used the title "registered professional counselor."

• Usually earn a master's of social work degree (MSW)
• "Social work differentiates itself from counseling, psychology, and psychiatry in that its mission includes mandates to negotiate social systems and advocate for change, to understand clients' habitats and niches and to provide social services."

• A proactive, psychoeducational intervention that can be used in schools and with adults.
• In this model, individuals are helped to understand their problematic situatons, acquire skills for coping with them, and apply this knowledge to present and even future events through the use of imagery or simulated rehearsal.

• A supervisor might help counselor trainees increase their case note conceptual skills by using Prieto and Scheel's format for organizing and structuring thinking about a case using the acronym STIPS:

S-signs and symptoms

T-topics discussed in counseling

I-counseling interventions used

P-clients' progress and counselors' continuing plan for treatment

S-any special issues of importance regarding clients

• An interactive and evaluative process in which someone with more proficiency oversees the work of someone with less knowledge and skill to enhance the professional functioning of the junior member.
• Facilitative experience that combines didactic and experiential learning in the context of a developmental relationship.
• Required area of instruction in all CACREP-accredited programs.

• Jung defined as "two simultaneous events that occur coincidentally [and that] result in a meaningful connection."
• The most productive way for counselors to perceive and deal with unexpected life experiences.

• The ability to work from a perspective of resolved and emotional experiences that has sensitized a person to self and others in a helpful way.
• Individuals who have been hurt and have been able to transcend their pain and gain insight into themselves and the world can be helpful to others who struggle to overcome emotional problems.
• "Counselors who have experiences painful life events and have adjusted positively can usually connect and be authentic with clients in distress."