• All living things are made up of it
• It is basic unit of life

There are three major parts

1. Plasma membrane
2. Cytoplasm
3. Nucleus

- It surround the cell and has three major functions

• It isolates ans protects the cell from external environment
• It regulated the movement of substances into and out of the cell
• It contain receptor protein that allow cells to recognize, interact, and communicate with one another.

It is the fluid-filled area inside plasma membrane and mainly consist of water.

It may contain many type of organelles

It consists of phospholipid, protein, cholesterol

Phospholipid arranged in a double layer of parallel rows that referred to as phospholipid bilayer

Cholesterol molecule stabilized the membrane by bonding some of the fatty acids, prevent them from clumping and allowing for fluid moment of the membrane

Protein are embeded in the phospholipid bilayer of the membrane and are constantly moving and forming changing mosaic pattern

Integral proteins - extend part of the way or all the way through the membrane and protrude( extend past the phospholipid) in both sides

Peripheral proteins- they are attached to the integral protein and protrude either side of the membrane. They function as receptor protein which allow response to internal and external stimuli and communication and interaction between cells

"sugar coat"

the glycoprotein form a covering on the outer surface of the plasma membrane are called_____

Serve as bonding site for bacteria, virus, toxins, and some cancer cell, which allow for the defense mechanism of the body to become activated and destroy them

Some cells have small, finger-liked projection of the outer surface of the plasma membrane

Increase the surface area for absorption of substances from the external environment. They are mainly found in stomach, intestines, and kidneys.

1) Passive processes:substances move an area of higher concertration to an area of lower concentration along a concentration gradient and enery is not require from the cell

2) Active processes: substances move an area of lower concentration to an area higher concentration agaist a concetration gradient and energy is require from the cell in the form of ATP

the smaller the particle, the greater the concentration, the higher the temperature, the faster the movement

there are four major type

1. simple diffusion
2. osmosis
3. facilitated diffusion
4. filtration
   

the diffusion of water from and area of higer concentration to lower concentration through the membrane. Water is dissoved substance and solute which also move through membrane as a much lower rate than water.

The movement of solute is referred to as dialysis

There are three osmotic conditions

isotonic, hypotonic,hypertonic

Two major types of active processes

1.Active transport:substance that move from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration through passageway in the plasma membrane formed by channel protein and with the aid of transport protein and ATP. Transport protein is ready pick up more of the substance and ATP and transport it across the membrane

2. Bulk transport: large solid particles or liquid droplets are moved into and out of the cell and ATP is required. Large solid particles and liquid are surrounded by a memrane and the structure is referred to as vesicle.

There are two bulk transort

Exocytosis and edoxytosis

"out of the cell"

within the cell the large solid particle or liquid droplets are packed in vesicle and the vesicle move through the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane. The membrane of the vesicle fused with the plasma membrane and the contents of the vesicle are released to the outside of the cell.

"into the cell"

large solid particle or liquid droplet are packed in vesicle and move into the cell and ATP is require.

There are three types

1. pinocytosis
2. phagocytosis
3. receptor-mediated endocytosis

"cell drinking"

when the liquid droplets come into contact with outer surface of plasma membrane, a deprenssion forms in the membrane. The membrane fold inward and eventually surround the liquid droplet. The plasma membrane pinches off as a vesicle

"cell eating"

When large solid particles come into contact with outer surface of the plasma membrane, the membrane is stimulated to project outward and surround the particle. The membrane then pulls inward and pinches off as a vesicle.

specific substance bond with the protein receptor on the outer surface of the plasma membrane. As the substance accumulate, a depression form in the membrane.

On the cytoplasm side of membrane of the depression, bristle-like protein called clathrin, and the depression is referred to as coated pit. The membrane pinches off as a coated vesicle

cell interact and communicate through _______

There are three type

1. tight junctions
2. desmosomes
3. gap junctions

"leakproofing"

protein molecule of adjacent cell fuse together along a series of ridges, like a zipper, forming an impermeable barrier. Substance such as digestive enzyme and bacteria in the ingestines prevented entering bloodstream.

"cell to cell adhesion"

animal tissue stretch, compress, and bend as organism moves. Cell must adhere to each other or they would seperate.

"cell to cell communication"

Channel protein of adjacent cell fuse together to form a continuous passageways between two cells which through nutrients and substance are exchanged.

It is continuous with the nucleus membrane and form a serious of membrane surrounded the channel for intracellular transport of substances.

There are two type of ER

rough ER

smooth ER

It consist of protein and function in structural support, movement of substances, and movement of cells

There are three type of____

1. microfilament
2. intermediated filament
3. microtubules

They consist of tubulin protein and function in structural support , cell movement, and movement of substance

There are three structures composed of ____

1.Centrioles:they function in forming support structure for chromosomes during cell devision known as mitosis

2.Cilia:they are short, hairlike struture on the surface of some cell and they function in moving substances across the cell

3.flagella:they are long whipelike structure and function in moving a cell

is surrounded by a double membrane and function as a control center of the cell

it contain two major structure

1. nucleolus
2. chromotin and chromosome

When a cell is not diving, DNA and protein form a thin threadlike structure called_____

When a cell is dividing, chromatin shorten, thicken, coil, and condense become known as  ________