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| A shelled cephalopod that was the dominant invertebrate predator for millions of years until the end of the Cretaceous period. |
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| An amoeba-like cell that moves by pseudopodia, found in most animals; depending on the species, may digest and distribute food, dispose of wastes, form skeletal fibers, fight infections, and change into other cell types. |
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| one of the jointed, movable, sensory appendages occurring in pairs on the heads of insects and most other arthropods |
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| An organ of gas exchange in spiders, consisting of stacked plates contained in an internal chamber. |
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| One of a pair of clawlike feeding appendages characteristic of cheliceriforms. |
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| A flagellated feeding cell found in sponges. Also called a collar cell, it has a collar-like ring that traps food particles around the base of its flagellum. |
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| closed circulatory system |
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| A circulatory system in which blood is confined to vessels and is kept separate from the interstitial fluid. |
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| A specialized cell for which the phylum Cnidaria is named; contains a capsule containing a fine coiled thread, which, when discharged, functions in defense and prey capture. |
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| A digestive tube that runs between a mouth and an anus; also called an alimentary canal. An incomplete digestive tract has only one opening. |
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| The transformation of a larva into an adult that looks very different, and often functions very differently in its environment, than the larva. |
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| A type of multifaceted eye in insects and crustaceans consisting of up to several thousand light-detecting, focusing ommatidia; especially good at detecting movement. |
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| The exoskeleton of an arthropod, consisting of layers of protein and chitin that are variously modified for different functions. (3) A tough coat that covers the body of a nematode. |
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| A hard encasement on the surface of an animal, such as the shell of a mollusc or the cuticle of an arthropod, that provides protection and points of attachment for muscles. |
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| (1) The portion of a bryophyte sporophyte that gathers sugars, amino acids, water, and minerals from the parent gametophyte via transfer cells. (2) One of the three main parts of a mollusc; a muscular structure usually used for movement. |
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| An extensive pouch that serves as the site of extracellular digestion and a passageway to disperse materials throughout most of an animal’s body. |
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| An individual that functions as both male and female in sexual reproduction by producing both sperm and eggs. |
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| A type of development in certain insects, such as grasshoppers, in which the young (called nymphs) resemble adults but are smaller and have different body proportions. The nymph goes through a series of molts, each time looking more like an adult, until it reaches full size. |
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| An animal without a backbone. Invertebrates make up 95% of animal species. |
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| A unique excretory organ of insects that empties into the digestive tract, removes nitrogenous wastes from the blood, and functions in osmoregulation. |
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| One of a pair of jaw-like feeding appendages found in myriapods, hexapods, and crustaceans. |
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| A fold of tissue in molluscs that drapes over the visceral mass and may secrete a shell. |
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| The floating, flattened, mouth-down version of the cnidarian body plan. The alternate form is the polyp. |
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| A process in arthropods in which the exoskeleton is shed at intervals, allowing growth by the production of a larger exoskeleton. |
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| A stinging, capsule-like organelle in a cnidocyte. |
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| A circulatory system in which fluid called hemolymph bathes the tissues and organs directly and there is no distinction between the circulating fluid and the interstitial fluid. |
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| A large opening in a sponge that connects the spongocoel to the environment. |
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| A type of reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs. |
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| The sessile variant of the cnidarian body plan. The alternate form is the medusa. |
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| A straplike rasping organ used by many molluscs during feeding. |
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| The central cavity of a sponge. |
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| A gas exchange system of branched, chitin-lined tubes that infiltrate the body and carry oxygen directly to cells in insects. |
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| An extinct arthropod with pronounced segmentation and appendages that varied little from segment to segment. |
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| One of numerous extensions of an echinoderm’s water vascular system. Tube feet function in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange. |
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| One of the three main parts of a mollusc, containing most of the internal organs. |
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| A network of hydraulic canals unique to echinoderms that branches into extensions called tube feet, which function in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange. |
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