1. Epigenetics refers to changes in ________________.

2. Lactose intolerance is one example of how _______.

3. The phenotype represents the

AN X CHROMOSOME AND A Y CHROMOSOME

11. The production of gametes requires that the DNA be replicated and the diploid number of chromosomes reduced to haploid; this process is called ______.

12. The single cell that is produced by the union of a sperm cell and an egg cell is called a (n)_____.

13. When a person has two copies of the same allele, they are said to be __________for that allele.

14. Mendel’s first law states that for a recessive trait to appear, both non dominant elements must be present; this is also known as the law of __________________.

16. Until Landsteiner’s discovery of _________, it was not known why some individuals died from transfusions.

17._______________ is the situation in which non-identical alleles produce two separate phenotypes at the same time; an example is AB blood type.

18. Although sickle cell anemia can cause a variety of physiological problems, its presence also confers a resistance to______.

19. One complicated type of inheritance pattern is ___________ in which a phenotype is expressed that is in between the two alleles.

20. Sickle cell anemia is a classic example of _______, a process whereby two or more phenotypes can be influenced by a single gene.

22. Research suggests that fathers who smoked early in life are more likely to have sons with heavier weight at age 9. This is an example of __________ inheritance.

23. ___________are structures within a cell that are involved in the production of energy. It is assume they descended from bacteria that began to live inside single-celled organisms more than a billion years ago.

24. When the later genetics of a larger population can be traced to a limited number of individuals, this is referred to as a ________effect.

25. Which (3 findings) have been demonstrated by mitochondrial DNA analysis?

Only inherited from your mother. Very stable and mutates very slowly. Can be used to trace evolutionary time over the generations.

26. The___________ can sometimes be used to trace the ancestry of an individual. One famous example of this Genghis Khan.

27. Jack and Jill are twins. Which of the following statements about them is correct?

Fraternal or dizygotic (DZ) twins (also referred to as "non-identical twins", "dissimilar twins", "binocular twins", and, in cases of females, sorrel twins) usually occur when two fertilized eggs are implanted in the uterus wall at the same time. When two eggs are independently fertilized by two different sperm cells, fraternal twins result. The two eggs, or ova, form two zygotes, hence the terms dizygotic and binocular

28. Using twin studies, personality factors such as extraversion have been shown to have a____contribution of genetic factors.

29. __________ examines generations of families and looks for the association between particular DNA marker alleles and particular traits, commonly done for psychological and physiological disorders that run in families, such as depression or bipolar disorder.

30. Which of the following is NOT one of the four DNA nucleotide bases?

31. GENES carry the instructions that direct the expression of particular traits. 

32. The complete set of human genes is referred to as the genome.. 

33. The genotype consists of what is inherited through the sperm and the egg at the moment of conception.

34. A sequence of three bases along a single RNA strand is called a codon. 

35. A DNA molecule along with the proteins that are attached to it is called a(n) _chromosome_.

36. The process of cell division is called MITOSIS; during this process, each chromosome is first replicated to form identical pairs that are joined at the centromere.

37. Sperm cells and egg cells are collectively known as gametes.

38. As a result of RECOMBINATION the chromosomes of gamete cells is not identical to the parent cell.

39. Mendel learned that the inheritance of one trait is not affected by the inheritance of another trait; this is known as Mendel’s second law, or the law of INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

40. A common method of diagramming the probable inheritance of dominant and recessive traits is the PUNNETT SQUARE method. 

41. Each of the approximately 20,000 human genes occurs at a specific site, called an) ALLELE on one of our 24 different pairs of chromosomes.

42. Because the X and Y chromosomes are different and do not contain identical genes, this sets up the possibility for transmission of traits that can be different for males and females; this is known as X-LINKED RECESSIVE TRAIT. An example of this is color blindness, which is much more common in men.

43. Because MtDNA does not recombine, it is very stable and mutates very slowly; thus, it is possible to use it to trace evolutionary time over the generations.

44.Epistasis is a situation in which alleles of one gene mask the expression of another gene’s alleles such that an expected phenotype does not appear. 

45.Environment interaction refers to the possibility that individuals with different genotypes may respond to the same environment in different ways.

46. The phenotype represents the observed traits of the individual, including morphology, physiology, and behavior. 

47. Translation is the process whereby the RNA determines the sequence of amino acids in the building of a protein.

48. The pinched-in region of the chromosome is called the CENTROMERE

49. The ends of the chromosome are called the telomeres.

50. The karyotype is a way of representing the chromosomal contents of a cell, including the number of chromosomes followed by a description of the sex chromosomes.

51. Explain the inheritance pattern of mitochondrial DNA. Discuss how mtDNA has been used to trace the evolutionary past. What are some of the findings from this research?

52. Explain Mendel’s two laws. What are some examples of genetic inheritance that violate Mendel’s laws.

Answer p(94-97): Mendel's first law, or the law of segregation, states that alleles of a specific gene exist that account for variations in inherited characteristics and that an organism receives one allele from each parent. Further, one of these alleles can be dominant or recessive, which determines which characteristics are expressed. (Dominant genes, recessive genes, both are passed down to offspring through alleles). Mendel's second law states that the inheritance of the gene of one trait is not affected by the inheritance of the gene for another trait (genes that affect the color are separated from those genes that affect height). An example of genetic inheritance that violates these laws is that seen in people with Color Blindness, where the disorder can skip a generation.

53. What is behavioral genetics? Explain how twin and generational studies are used to study this. What are some of the major findings?

Behavioral genetics is the study of genetic and environmental contributions to organism’s behavior. Twin studies are used to study this because twins offer an occurrence in nature that enables researchers to study critical factors related to genetic influences. One of the major findings in twin studies is that by comparing the psychological traits of MZ and DZ twins. It is possible to obtain an estimate of heritability.

-Generational studies on twins who were adopted by separate families it was more possible to better determine the environmental and genetic influences. Because they were raised in different locations with different environments  

54. Compare and contrast the two forms of cell division, mitosis and meiosis. 

55. Describe the structure and function of DNA and RNA. Explain how these structures are involved in gene expression. What are some metaphors for DNA?

The structure of DNA contains the chemical building blocks or nucleotides that store information. DNA molecules are composed of two strands which twist together in a spiral. Each strand consists of fours types of nucleotides. The four bases are Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, and Cytosine. The bases are generally referred to as A, G, T, and C.

The structure of RNA also contains the four bases adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine. However in RNA, thymine, has been replaced with Uracil, which is referred to as U. The RNA code is a sequence of three of these letters along a single RNA strand, which specifies a particular amino acid. This sequence of three bases is called a codon.

A few different metaphors would be words like code, blueprint or plan, book, and some even call it a recipe.