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| The structural units of all living things |
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1. Basic structural/functional unit of organisms
2. Activity of organism depends on cell activity
3. Principle of complementarity
4. Continuity of life has a cellular basis |
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| Principle of Complementarity |
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| Biochemical activity of cells are dictated by the relative number of their specific subcellular structures |
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| A dilute saltwater solution derived from the blood that bathes the cells of the human body |
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| Describes functions that are common to all cells |
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| The control center of the cell; contains the genes |
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| Semi-fluid cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane |
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| Transparent barrier that contains the cell contents and separates them from the surrounding environment; selectively permeable |
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| Double-membrane barrier that surrounds the nucleus |
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| Small bodies within the nucleus where ribosomes are assembled |
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| Loose threads of DNA that are intertwined with protiens (condense into chromosomes when cell dividing) |
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| Points at which the two layers of the nuclear envelope fuse-allows substances to pass through |
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| Jelly-like fluid in which nuclear elements are suspended |
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| P.M. composed of phosopholipid bilayer, proteins, and cholesterol |
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| Hydrophobic vs. Hydrophilic |
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| Water-fearing vs. Water-loving (reason for phospholipid bilayer organization) |
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| Protein functions (membranes) |
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| Pores (passive) and Carriers (active) |
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| Impermeable; adjacent plasma membranes are fused together to prevent substances from passing through |
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| Anchoring junctions; thickening of membranes that are connected by protein filaments (extend into cell like guy wires) |
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| Allow communication via connexons |
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| Proteins with attached sugar groups that reside in the plasma membrane |
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| The sugar-rich surface area of the plasma membrane |
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| Hollow cylinders composed of proteins that allow for communication in gap junctions |
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| semi-transparent fluid that suspends the elements of the cytoplasm |
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| Chemical substances (not present in all cells) usually stored nutrients or cell products (Ex: pigments, lipids etc) |
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| Specialized compartments that provide the metabolic machinery of the cell |
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| Provides energy for the cell/produces ATP; Cristae-protrusions of inner membrane |
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| Made of proteins and ribosomal RNA; sites of protein synthesis (studded on rough ER) |
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| Provides network for proteins to travel through the cell; rough ER-membrane factory, smooth ER-lipid metabolism/detox |
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| Modify and package cellular proteins (for secretion, membranes, or lysosomes) |
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| Contain digestive enzymes that break-down non-usable cell structures/foreign substances |
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| Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify harmful substances/disarm free radicals |
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| Protrusions of membranes that surround substances for transport (same) or secretion (secretory) |
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| Reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons that scramble proteins/nucleic acids |
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| Network of protein structures that extends throughout the cytoplasm |
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| Intermediate filaments (Cy.Sk.) |
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| Strong, stable, ropelike-form desmosomes and provide internal guy wires |
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| Involved in cell motility and produce changes in cell shape |
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| Determine overall shape of cell and distribution of organelles |
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| Generate microtubules and direct the formation of mitotic spindle in cell division |
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| Project from cell surface; Move substances along cell surface |
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| Longer cilia, propels the cell itself (only present on sperm cells) |
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| Increase cells surface area, which aids in absorption |
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| Elongated cell that secretes cable-like fibers, connects body parts |
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| Red blood cell; carries O2 in blood, has no organelles |
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| Hexagonal, has many intermediate filaments that resist tearing, covers/lines organs |
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| Skeletal/Smooth muscle cells |
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| Filled with contractile filaments; Moves organs/body parts |
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| Spherical, contains large lipid droplet-Stores nutrients |
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| Phagocytic cell; extends pseudopods and crawls through tissue to fight disease |
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| Has long processes/extensions; Stores information and controls body functions |
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| Female egg cell, Largest cell in body used in reproduction |
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| Male, contains flagellum to help reach egg-used in reproduction |
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| Homogeneous mixture of two or more components |
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| Dissolving medium; Substance within a mixture that is present in the largest amount |
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| Dissolved substances; present in smaller amounts in solutions |
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| Nucleoplasm and cytosol; solution of gases, nutrients, and salts in water |
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| Fluid that bathes the exterior of cells; solution of gases, nutrients, and salts in water |
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| Passive transport; process by which molecules and ions move from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration |
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| Passive transport; solutions are forced through membrane/capillary wall by hydrostatic pressure |
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| Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
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| Special pores within the plasma membrane that allow osmosis to occur |
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| Carrier and Channel mediated diffusion |
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| Protein carriers combine specifically to certain substances-requires ATP to energize solute pumps against concentration gradient |
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| Carrier-mediated Diffusion |
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| Protein carrier for specific chemical changes shape at presence of substrate; driven by kinetic energy |
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| Channel-mediated Diffusion |
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| Items pass through open channels in cell membrane; mostly ions |
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| Carries Na+ out and K+ into cell; used in neuron firing |
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| Vesicular transport; process of cell secretion of substances |
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| Vesicular transport; process by which cells engulf substances and transport them into cells |
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| Process by which cells engulf substances using pseudopods |
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| Process by which cells engulf extracellular fluid |
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| Receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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| Mechanism for taking up targeted molecules via plasma membrane receptor proteins |
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| Period of the cell life cycle in which the cell grows and carries on metabolic activites |
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| Process by which a cell's nucleus is divided |
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| Process by which a cell's cytoplasm is divided-begins during anaphase and completes during telophase |
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| First phase of cell division in which centrioles begin to move and form mitotic spindles |
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| Second phase of cell division; Chromosomes line up at metaphase plate |
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| Third phase of cell division; Chromatids split into chromosomes |
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| Fourth phase of cell division; Chromosomes become chromatin |
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| Contractile ring made of microfilaments that forms during cytokineses-pinches cytoplasm into two |
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| A DNA segment that carries the information for building one protein/polypeptide chain |
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| Transfer of info from DNA into complementary base sequence of mRNA |
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| Info carried in mRNA is decoded into an amino acid sequence |
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| Three-base sequence on DNA strand specifying an amino acid |
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| Three-base sequence on mRNA strand specifying an amino acid |
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| Epithelium, connective tissue, nervous tissue, muscle |
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| Lining, covering, and glandular tissue; provides protection, absorption, filtration, and secretion |
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| Unattached edge of epithelium that is exposed to body exterior or to cavity of internal organ |
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Squamous-flat
Cuboidal-cubed
Columnar-columns |
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Simple-one layer
Stratified-More than one layer; mostly for protection |
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| One or more cells that make and secrete a particular product |
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| Ductless; hormonal secretions diffuse directly into blood vessels |
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| Retain ducts; secretions go to epithelial surface (internal and external) |
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| Connects body parts; involved in protecting, supporting, and binding together other body tissues |
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| Non-living substance found outside cells-secreted by connective tissue |
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| Types of connective tissue |
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| bone, cartilage, dense/loose, and blood |
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| Specialized to contract in order to produce movement |
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| Skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
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| Neurons; receive and conduct electrochemical impulses throughout body |
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| Specialized cells that insulate, support, and protect neurons |
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| Abnormal cell mass that develops when cell cycle/division malfunctions |
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| The inability to perform mitosis (cell division) (Ex: cardiac, nervous tissue etc) |
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| Enlarging of organs/tissues due to a local irritant or other condition |
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| Decrease in size of organs/tissues due to a loss of normal stimulation |
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