Term
How are voiceless phonemes/speech sounds produced? |
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Definition
W/o the use of vocal folds. |
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Term
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Definition
AKA voicing. the product of vibrating vocal folds. This occurs within the larynx. |
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Term
How many layers of tissue make up the vocal folds? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the deepest layer of the VF tissue made of? |
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Definition
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Term
Glottis/Rima glottidis (L.) |
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Definition
the space b/w the VFs. ("slit of the glottis") |
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Term
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Definition
the area below the vocal folds |
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Term
The VFs are located within the course of the airstream at the ________ end of the trachea. |
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Definition
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Term
The larynx is a _____________ structure located at the superior (upper) end of the _______. |
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Definition
musculocartilaginous; trachea |
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Term
What creates the power for speech sound production (phonation)?
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Definition
Expired air stream from the lungs |
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Term
The vocal folds are contained inside the ______. |
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Definition
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Term
Air passes from the lungs to the ________ and then the _________. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-The vibrating source required for phonation
-Vibration occurs as the folds open (abduct) and close (adduct)
-smooth bands of muscle tissue
-lengthen and shorten |
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Term
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Definition
Set of structures that create sound |
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Term
The Larynx (laryngeal sys) |
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Definition
-Comprised of the cricoid, thyroid, and epiglottis cartilages, as well as the paired arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages. -Composed entirely of cartilage; no bone |
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Term
What are the 3 unpaired midline cartilages of the larynx? |
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Definition
cricoid, thyroid, and epiglottis cartilages |
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Term
What are the 3 paired midline cartilages of the larynx? |
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Definition
arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform |
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Term
What is the larynx located between? |
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Definition
The hyoid bone (superior) and the trachea (inferior) |
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Term
What is the larynx's vertical position in regards to the neck? |
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Definition
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Term
Typical size of larynx for males and females? |
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Definition
Males: 44mm; Females: 36mm |
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Term
Where is the larynx located on infants? |
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Definition
At C2; lowers to C6 with growth |
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Term
How far can larynx move with flexion and extension of the neck? |
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Definition
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Term
What does the larynx protect the respiratory tract from? |
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Definition
entry of foreign material |
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Term
What happens to the larynx when you swallow? (biologic function of larynx) |
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Definition
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Term
What does the larynx prevent? (biologic function of larynx) |
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Definition
Air from leaving the lungs |
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Term
How does the larynx act as a protective valve? (biologic function of larynx) |
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Definition
expels foreign material by coughing or clearing the throat |
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Term
The larynx is the upper part of which system? (biologic function of larynx) |
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Definition
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Term
What is the main non-biologic function of the larynx? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Space between the vocal folds |
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Term
What are laryngeal cartilages bound by? |
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Definition
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Term
what are laryngeal cartilages lined with? |
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Definition
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Term
What does the larynx sit right on top of? |
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Definition
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Term
What kind of tissue is the deepest layer of tissue that comprises the VFs? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-COMPLETE RING -Out of all the laryngeal crtilages, it is the most inferior -Looks like a signet ring with looked at from the side (back arches up higher than the front) -Higher and wider in the back -Viewed by some as an expanded tracheal cartilage -Supports the larynx |
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Term
Where do the cricoid and thyroid cartilages articulate? (articulation = the point of union between 2 structures) |
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Definition
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Term
Describe the cricothyroid joint |
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Definition
diarthrodial, pivots, rotates; can rock backward and forward at the joint. It allws the thyroid and cricoid cartilages to come closer together in front. |
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Term
What are the two main parts of the cricoid cartilage? |
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Definition
-Anterior cricoid arch -Poterior quadrate lamina |
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Term
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Definition
Vocal folds pass over this |
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Term
Posterior quadrate lamina |
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Definition
where the arytenoids attach |
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Term
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Definition
-the largest of the laryngeal cartilages -Shield-like -2 plates/laminae -Fused midline -Form front and side walls of larynx -Prominent thyroid notch (Adam's apple, angle, thyroid prominence) that is V-shaped. -Posterior part has superior and inferior horns (cornu) |
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Term
The thyroid cartilage is superiorly attached to which bone? |
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Definition
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Term
THe thyroid cartilage is inferiorly attached to what cartilage? What is it attached by? |
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Definition
cricoid; facets on tip of cornu |
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Term
1/3 have a foramen in posterior quadrant for _______ ________. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Leaf-like, elastic, flexible -Attaches to thyroid cartilage just below the notch -Sides attach to arytenoid cartilages |
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Term
How many attachments does the epiglottis have to the thyroid cartilage? |
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Definition
Three: -Thyroepiglottic ligament -Hyoepiglottic ligament -Glossoepiglottic ligament |
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Term
Thyroepiglottic ligament (epiglottic attachment) |
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Definition
Means by which the epiglottis attaches to thyroid cartilage just below the notch. This ligament attaches to the inner thyroid cartilage. |
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Term
Hyoepiglottic ligament (epiglottic attachment) |
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Definition
Means by which the epiglottis attaches to the thyroid cartilage just below the notch. Attaches the epiglottis to the corpus hyoid. |
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Term
Glossoepiglottic ligament (epiglottic attachment) |
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Definition
Means by which the epiglottis attaches to the tongue. The ligament attaches to the root/base of tongue. |
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Term
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Definition
Pits/valleys formed by the overlay of the mucous membrane on the glossoepiglottic ligament b/w the tongue and the epiglottis. On either side of the [ligament] |
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Term
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Definition
-The function of the epiglottis is to PROTECT THE AIRWAY during swallowing -It lowers and covers the laryngeal opening (aditus) |
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Term
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Definition
AKA laryngeal opening. Epiglottis covers this during swallowing. |
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Term
Is the epiglottis usually raised or lowered? |
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Definition
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Term
What seaparates the epiglottis from the hyoid and thyroid? How? |
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Definition
Fat pads; they go from the hyoid to thyroid notch. |
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Term
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Definition
-Paired -Pyramid-shaped -Perched on top of the high-backed upper surface of the cricoid cartilage -Forms the posterior point of attachment for the VFs. -Base, apex, and 3 surfaces -Has two processes (vocal and muscular) -Has 2 pits (fovea) for muscle attachments -Ladle-like |
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Term
Which are among the most important cartilages of the larynx? |
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Definition
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Term
Why are the paired arytenoids among the most important cartilages of the larynx? |
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Definition
They provide the mechanical structure that permits onset and offset of voicing |
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Term
Describe the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage |
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Definition
-anterior angle near the base with a pointed projection where vocal ligament attaches -Vocal ligament is part of VFs. |
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Term
Describe the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage |
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Definition
Laryngeal muscles attach here |
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Term
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Definition
-Paired -Small conical structures atop arytenoid -May be vestigial--minimal function like the appendix -Project posteriorly to form the peak of the "pyramid" (arytenoid) |
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Term
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Definition
-Tiny cartilages (2) -Embedded within the aryepiglottic (vocal) folds -Vestigial -Seen as a small bulge in the mucous membranes -Function: support the aryepiglottic folds and stiffen them to keep larynx open and stable. |
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Term
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Definition
-Open in the back; small and U-shaped -Three parts (body, greater cornu, lesser cornu) -Highly mobile -ONLY bone NOT ATTACHED to another bone |
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Term
What are the 3 parts of the hyoid bone? |
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Definition
-Body (corpus) -Greater cornu (horn) -Lesser cornu |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
loose articulation w/ the superior horn of thyroid cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
small cone-shaped, directed upward from body of hyoid |
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Term
Which skeleton is the hyoid bone part of?. |
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Definition
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Term
What does the hyoid bone provide for the larynx during phonation? |
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Definition
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Term
How does the hyoid support the larynx? |
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Definition
By supporting the base of tongue and floor muscles of mouth |
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Term
The hyoid bone suspends the larynx by what kind of muscles? |
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Definition
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Term
The hyoid bone is considered part of this mechanism even though it is separated from it: |
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Definition
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Term
What are the 2 main groups of laryngeal muscles? |
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Definition
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Term
Intrinsic muscles of larynx |
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Definition
-Both origin and insertion is ON THE LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES -Confined to larynx -Always act in PAIRS and contract TOGETHER (except one!--transverse arytenoid) -Main function is VOICE PRODUCTION -FINE ADJUSTMENTS of vocal mechanism |
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Term
Extrinsic muscles of larynx |
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Definition
-ONE attachment is OUTSIDE of larynx -Function is to SUPPORT and FIX the position of the larynx (so it doesn't flop around) -Major adjustments to ELEVATE or LOWER larynx |
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Term
What are the 4 functions of paired intrinsic laryngeal muscles? |
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Definition
1. Adduction 2. Abduction 3. Tension 4. Relaxation |
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Term
Adduction (intrinsic laryngeal muscle function) |
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Definition
Approximate (close) VFs for PHONATION and AIRWAY PROTECTION |
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Term
Abduction (intrinsic laryngeal muscle function) |
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Definition
Separate or open ARYTENOIDS and VFs for RESPIRATION (breathing) |
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Term
Tension (intrinsic laryngeal muscle function) |
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Definition
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Term
Relaxation (intrinsic laryngeal muscle function) |
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Definition
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Term
What are 2 actions/adjustments of the VFs that bring them midline? |
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Definition
1. medial compression 2. longitudinal tension |
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Term
Medial compression (intrinsic laryngeal muscles) |
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Definition
Force bringing VFs to midline (an additional force from those muscles that bring them together midline) |
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Term
Longitudinal tension (intrinsic laryngeal muscles) |
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Definition
Degree of stretching force to bring VFs midline (you can stretch further than how far "tension" allows) -makes the human voice versatile |
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Term
Name the intrinsic ADDUCTOR muscles of the larynx: |
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Definition
-Lateral Cricoarytenoid -Transverse Arytenoid -Oblique Arytenoid |
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Term
Lateral Cricoarytenoid (intrinsic adductor muscle of larynx) |
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Definition
-Origin: cricoid and MUSCULAR process of arytenoid -Course: up and back to INSERT into the muscular process of arytenoid -Causes muscular process to move FORWARD and MEDIAL -MUSCULAR PROCESS is drawn FORWARD; ROCKS INWARD and DOWNWARD -Major adduction motion is created by this movement |
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Term
What movement of the lateral cricoarytenoid causes major ADDUCTION motion? |
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Definition
The muscular process being drawn forward, rocking in and downward. |
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Term
Transverse Arytenoid (intrinsic adductor muscle of larynx) |
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Definition
-UNPAIRED -Courses from one arytenoid to the other -Is a band -AKA transverse interarytenoid -HORIZONTAL -Course: from the lateral margin of the posterior surface of one arytenoid cartilage to the other -Function: to pull arytenoids CLOSER and is therefore a component of MEDIAL COMPRESSION |
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Term
Which adductor muscles of the larynx are a component of MEDIAL COMPRESSION? |
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Definition
The transverse and oblique arytenoids because their function is to pull the arytenoids closer |
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Term
What is the one UNPAIRED intrinsic muscle of the larynx? |
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Definition
The transverse arytenoid, which is an adductor muscle. |
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Term
Oblique Arytenoid (adductor muscle of larynx) |
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Definition
-PAIRED -SUPERFICIAL to transverse arytenoid -Similar function as transverse -Origin: POSTERIOR BASE of MUSCULAR PROCESS -Course: Oblique up to apex of OPPOSITE ARYTENOID -'X' appearance -Function: Pulls apex MEDIAL for adduction; rocking DOWN and INWARD; part of MEDIAL COMPRESSION |
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Term
Name the intrinsic ABDUCTOR muscles of the larynx: |
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Definition
-Posterior Cricoarytenoid (there is only one intrinsic abductor muscle!) |
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Term
How many intrinsic abductor muscles are there? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the name of the ONLY intrinsic abductor muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
Posterior Cricoarytenoid (intrinsic abductor muscle of larynx) |
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Definition
-The only abductor muscle -Broad and fan-shaped; in POSTERIOR LARYNX -Origin: posterior depression of CRICOID LAMINA -Insertion: posterior part of MUSCULAR PROCESS of ARYTENOID -Acts as ANTAGONIST (opposes the contraction of another muscle--the agonist) to lateral cricoarytenoid -Contraction pulls muscular process back and rocks the arytenoid out on its axis to abduct the VFs |
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Term
Name the intrinsic glottal TENSORS of the larynx: |
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Definition
-Cricothyroid -Thyrovocalis |
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Term
Cricothyroid (intrinsic glottal tensor of larynx) |
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Definition
-Fan-shaped; broader above -Acts with THYROARYTENOID cartilage to TENSE or ELONGATE VF; rocks -Inserts into thyroid cartilage by means of 2 parts (the cricothyroid muscle is composed of two heads): *pars oblique and pars recta -Increased distance b/w thyroid and arytenoids to elongate VF = increased tension for pitch changes |
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Term
Describe pars oblique (one head of the cricothyroid cartilage that inserts into the thyroid cartilage) |
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Definition
-Arises from the cricoid cartilage lateral to the pars recta, coursing obliquely up to insert into the point of juncture between the thyroid laminae and inferior horns -Upward and backward to insert on inferior horn of thyroid |
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Term
Describe the pars recta (one head of the cricothyroid cartilage that inserts into the thyroid cartilage) |
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Definition
-The medial-most component of the cricothyroid muscle, originating on the ANTERIOR surface of the cricoid cartilage immediately BENEATH the ARCH -Upper anterior fibers course UP and OUT to insert into the lower surface of the thyroid lamina |
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Term
Thyrovocalis (intrinsic glottal tensor of larynx) |
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Definition
-AKA medial thyroarytenoid muscle -Two separate muscles that compose the main mass of the VF *Vocalis/Thyrovocalis *Thyromuscularis -Antagonist of CRICOTHYROID b/c it draws thyroid and cricoid APART ANTERIORLY |
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Term
What are the two separate muscles that make up the thyrovocalis/medial thyroarytenoid? |
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Definition
-Vocalis/Thyrovocalis -Thyromuscularis |
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Term
Vocalis/Thyrovocalis (one of two muscles that make up the thyrovocalis/medial thyroarytenoid) |
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Definition
-Medial (superior) fibers -From angle of thyroid cartilage, backward to VOCAL process of arytenoid |
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Term
Thyromuscularis (one of two muscles that make up the thyrovocalis/medial thyroarytenoid) |
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Definition
-Lateral (inferior) fibers -From angle of thyroid cartilage coursing parallel to arytenoid cartilage base -RELAXER |
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Term
Name the relaxers of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles: |
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Definition
-Thyromuscularis (lateral thyroarytenoid) |
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Term
What does the thyromuscularis do? (relaxer of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles) |
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Definition
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Term
What does the thyromuscularis pair with in order to make the thyroarytenoid muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
Thyromuscularis (relaxer of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles) |
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Definition
-Inferior fibers -Muscle masses immediately lateral to each thyrovocalis -Originates on the inner surface of the thyroid cartilage, near the notch and lateral to the origin of the thyrovocalis. Runs back to insert into the arytenoid catilage at the muscular process and base -Contraction of the thyromuscularis causes VFs to adduct and lengthen (contraction of medial fibers relaxes the VFs) |
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Term
Name the auxiliary muscles of the larynx: |
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Definition
-Superior Thyroarytenoid -Thyroepiglottic -Aryepiglottic |
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Term
Superior Thyroarytenoid (auxiliary laryngeal muscle) |
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Definition
-Composed of: thyrovocalis + thyromuscularis -Can be an adductor, tensor, or relaxer of VF (relaxer in 50% of population) |
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Term
Thyroepiglottic (auxiliary laryngeal muscle) |
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Definition
-Originates @ angle of thyroid; inserts epiglottis -Dilates the laryngeal opening--deep respiratory effort -Involved only in SWALLOWING |
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Term
Aryepiglottic (auxiliary laryngeal muscle) |
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Definition
-Protects airway during swallowing |
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Term
What can create voice problems such as vocal nodules? |
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Definition
Improper use of adduction and abduction |
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Term
Increased tension of VFs will stretch them and reduce their _____ ___ _____ _____. |
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Definition
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Term
Increasing the tension of the VFs causes an increase in what? |
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Definition
frequency of vibrations (raises pitch) |
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Term
Contraction of what muscle causes VFs to tense and raise vocal pitch? |
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Definition
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Term
Characteristics of extrinsic laryngeal muscles: |
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Definition
-A portion of the muscle is OUTSIDE the larynx -Many are DEEP to the sternocleidomastoid muscle -Can be grouped as being ABOVE (SUPRA) OR BELOW (INFRA) the HYOID bone *Suprahyoid "strap muscles" *Infrahyoid muscles -Can be grouped as to whether they ELEVATE or DEPRESS the LARYNX *Hyolaryngeal elevators *Hyolaryngeal depressors |
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Term
Describe the digastric muscle (extrinsic, suprahyoid, hyolaryngeal muscle) |
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Definition
-Paired with 2 bellies that are joined by a tendon which goes through a fibrous loop -Considered to be both a laryngeal elevator as well as a floor of mouth (FOM) muscle |
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Term
What is the FIRST function of the digastric muscle? |
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Definition
-Raises hyoid bone (Assists the hyoid bone to move forward and backward) |
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Term
What are the 2 bellies of the digastric muscle? |
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Definition
1. Anterior belly/digastricus anterior 2. Posterior belly/ digastricus posterior |
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Term
Anterior belly of digastric muscle |
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Definition
-Courses down and backward -Origin: symphysis of MANDIBLE -Inserts on hyoid bone via intermediate tendon |
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Term
Posterior belly of digastric muscle |
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Definition
-Course: down and forward -Origin: mastoid process on TEMPORAL BONE OF SKULL near ear -Inserts on hyoid bone via intermediate tendon |
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Term
What are the two bellies of the digastric muscle joined by? |
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Definition
Intermediate tendon (tendon attached to hyoid at junction of corpus and greater cornu) |
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Term
What is the SECOND function of the digastric muscle? |
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Definition
Elevate hyoid for swallowing |
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Term
What is the THIRD function of the digastric muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
Stylohyoid muscle (extrinsic, suprahyoid, hyoid elevator) |
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Definition
-Long and slender -Superficial to posterior belly and runs parallel -DOES NOT LOOP -Origin: styloid process in TEMPORAL BONE of skull -Course: down and forward to insert on greater horn of hyoid -Function: move HYOID UP and BACK during SWALLOWING |
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Term
Mylohyoid muscle (extrinsic, suprahyoid, hyoid elevator) |
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Definition
-Thin sheet fans out -A FOM muscle UNDER the digastric -Origin: mandible @ mylohyoid line -Course: Downward to insert into the HYOID CORPUS (body of hyoid) -Function: ELEVATE hyoid, FOM, and tongue during SWALLOWING -May also depress the mandible -No real function in SPEECH |
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Term
Geniohyoid (extrinsic, suprahyoid, hyoid elevator) |
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Definition
-PAIRED -CYLINDRICAL -FOM -Above and PARALLEL to DIGASTRIC and MYLOHYOID -Origin: mental symphysis of mandible -Courses down and backward into corpus of hyoid -Function: Pull HYOID UP and FORWARD -Depress mandible |
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Term
Hyoglossus (extrinsic, suprahyoid, hyoid elevator) |
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Definition
-EXTRINSIC TONGUE MUSCLE -Origin: greater cornu of hyoid -Course: upward to insert into back and sides of the tongue -Function: depress the TONGUE as well as assist in HYOID ELEVATION |
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Term
Genioglossus (actually a major tongue muscle but still considered hyoid elevator) |
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Definition
-Origin: mental symphysis of mandible -Fans out and courses upward and lower fibers insert on hyoid body whereas upper fibers are under surface of the tongue itself -Elevates the hyoid and draws it forward to INITIATE a swallow |
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Term
Sternohyoid (extrinsic, infrahyoid, depressor) |
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Definition
-Goes from sternum to hyoid bone -Flat and anterior neck muscle -Origin: manubrium of the sternum and clavicle and course vertically upward to insert on the lower border of the hyoid corpus -Function: Draw hyoid DOWN when jaw OPENS |
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Term
Omohyoid (extrinsic, infrahyoid, depressor) |
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Definition
-Long, narrow muscle on SIDE and FRONT of neck -Has 2 bellies (superior and inferior) that join at an INTERMEDIATE TENDON -Main origin: scapula with insertion at greater horn of hyoid -Function: Depress hyoid and PROTECT NECK during DEEP INSPIRATION as in fright |
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Term
What are the two bellies of the Omohyoid muscle? |
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Definition
1. Superior belly 2. Inferior belly |
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Term
Superior belly of omohyoid muscle |
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Definition
Origin at intermediate tendon and goes vertical and medial to insert on GREATER HORN of HYOID |
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Term
Inferior belly of omohyoid muscle |
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Definition
Origin at SCAPULA and runs horizontal and forward to insert into INTERMEDIATE TENDON |
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Term
Sternothyroid (extrinsic, infrahyoid, depressor) |
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Definition
-Origin: manubrium of sternum and FIRST COSTAL CARTILAGE -Courses upward to insert into the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage -ACTIVE DURING SWALLOWING; brings LARYNX DOWN as swallow terminates -Depresses the thyroid cartilage |
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Term
Thyrohyoid (extrinsic, infrahyoid, depressor) |
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Definition
-Considered the SUPERIOR COUNTERPART to the STERNOTHYROID -Courses down from oblique line of thyroid to inferior margin of greater cornu of hyoid Function: either depress HYOID or elevate LARYNX |
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Term
What does the term "strap muscles" generally refer to? |
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Definition
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