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Chapter 4--Anatomy of Phonation
Phonation Quiz for HESP 305
135
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Undergraduate 3
03/12/2012

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Term
How are voiceless phonemes/speech sounds produced?
Definition
W/o the use of vocal folds.
Term
Phonation
Definition
AKA voicing. the product of vibrating vocal folds. This occurs within the larynx.
Term
How many layers of tissue make up the vocal folds?
Definition
5
Term
What is the deepest layer of the VF tissue made of?
Definition
muscle
Term
Glottis/Rima glottidis (L.)
Definition
the space b/w the VFs. ("slit of the glottis")
Term
subglottal region
Definition
the area below the vocal folds
Term
The VFs are located within the course of the airstream at the ________ end of the trachea.
Definition
Superior
Term
The larynx is a _____________ structure located at the superior (upper) end of the _______.
Definition
musculocartilaginous; trachea
Term

What creates the power for speech sound production (phonation)?

 

Definition
Expired air stream from the lungs
Term
The vocal folds are contained inside the ______.
Definition
larynx
Term
Air passes from the lungs to the ________ and then the _________.
Definition
trachea; larynx
Term

Describe the VFs

Definition

-The vibrating source required for phonation

-Vibration occurs as the folds open (abduct) and close (adduct)

 

-smooth bands of muscle tissue -lengthen and shorten
Term
Laryngeal System
Definition
Set of structures that create sound
Term
The Larynx (laryngeal sys)
Definition
-Comprised of the cricoid, thyroid, and epiglottis cartilages, as well as the paired arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages.
-Composed entirely of cartilage; no bone
Term
What are the 3 unpaired midline cartilages of the larynx?
Definition
cricoid, thyroid, and epiglottis cartilages
Term
What are the 3 paired midline cartilages of the larynx?
Definition
arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform
Term
What is the larynx located between?
Definition
The hyoid bone (superior) and the trachea (inferior)
Term
What is the larynx's vertical position in regards to the neck?
Definition
C3-6
Term
Typical size of larynx for males and females?
Definition
Males: 44mm; Females: 36mm
Term
Where is the larynx located on infants?
Definition
At C2; lowers to C6 with growth
Term
How far can larynx move with flexion and extension of the neck?
Definition
C7
Term
What does the larynx protect the respiratory tract from?
Definition
entry of foreign material
Term
What happens to the larynx when you swallow? (biologic function of larynx)
Definition
It elevates
Term
What does the larynx prevent? (biologic function of larynx)
Definition
Air from leaving the lungs
Term
How does the larynx act as a protective valve? (biologic function of larynx)
Definition
expels foreign material by coughing or clearing the throat
Term
The larynx is the upper part of which system? (biologic function of larynx)
Definition
Respiratory
Term
What is the main non-biologic function of the larynx?
Definition
sound production
Term
Voices sounds
Definition
/z/ /v/ /d/ vowels
Term
Voiceless sounds
Definition
/s/ /f/ /t/ /h/
Term
Glottis
Definition
Space between the vocal folds
Term
What are laryngeal cartilages bound by?
Definition
ligaments
Term
what are laryngeal cartilages lined with?
Definition
mucous membranes
Term
What does the larynx sit right on top of?
Definition
The first TRACHEAL ring
Term
What kind of tissue is the deepest layer of tissue that comprises the VFs?
Definition
muscle
Term
Cricoid Cartilage
Definition
-COMPLETE RING
-Out of all the laryngeal crtilages, it is the most inferior
-Looks like a signet ring with looked at from the side (back arches up higher than the front)
-Higher and wider in the back
-Viewed by some as an expanded tracheal cartilage
-Supports the larynx
Term
Where do the cricoid and thyroid cartilages articulate? (articulation = the point of union between 2 structures)
Definition
The cricothyroid joint
Term
Describe the cricothyroid joint
Definition
diarthrodial, pivots, rotates; can rock backward and forward at the joint. It allws the thyroid and cricoid cartilages to come closer together in front.
Term
What are the two main parts of the cricoid cartilage?
Definition
-Anterior cricoid arch
-Poterior quadrate lamina
Term
Anterior cricoid arch
Definition
Vocal folds pass over this
Term
Posterior quadrate lamina
Definition
where the arytenoids attach
Term
Thyroid cartilage
Definition
-the largest of the laryngeal cartilages
-Shield-like
-2 plates/laminae
-Fused midline
-Form front and side walls of larynx
-Prominent thyroid notch (Adam's apple, angle, thyroid prominence) that is V-shaped.
-Posterior part has superior and inferior horns (cornu)
Term
The thyroid cartilage is superiorly attached to which bone?
Definition
hyoid
Term
THe thyroid cartilage is inferiorly attached to what cartilage? What is it attached by?
Definition
cricoid; facets on tip of cornu
Term
1/3 have a foramen in posterior quadrant for _______ ________.
Definition
blood vessels
Term
Epiglottis (Anatomy)
Definition
-Leaf-like, elastic, flexible
-Attaches to thyroid cartilage just below the notch
-Sides attach to arytenoid cartilages
Term
How many attachments does the epiglottis have to the thyroid cartilage?
Definition
Three:
-Thyroepiglottic ligament
-Hyoepiglottic ligament
-Glossoepiglottic ligament
Term
Thyroepiglottic ligament (epiglottic attachment)
Definition
Means by which the epiglottis attaches to thyroid cartilage just below the notch. This ligament attaches to the inner thyroid cartilage.
Term
Hyoepiglottic ligament (epiglottic attachment)
Definition
Means by which the epiglottis attaches to the thyroid cartilage just below the notch. Attaches the epiglottis to the corpus hyoid.
Term
Glossoepiglottic ligament (epiglottic attachment)
Definition
Means by which the epiglottis attaches to the tongue. The ligament attaches to the root/base of tongue.
Term
Valleculae
Definition
Pits/valleys formed by the overlay of the mucous membrane on the glossoepiglottic ligament b/w the tongue and the epiglottis. On either side of the [ligament]
Term
Epiglottis (function)
Definition
-The function of the epiglottis is to PROTECT THE AIRWAY during swallowing
-It lowers and covers the laryngeal opening (aditus)
Term
Laryngeal Aditus
Definition
AKA laryngeal opening. Epiglottis covers this during swallowing.
Term
Is the epiglottis usually raised or lowered?
Definition
Raised
Term
What seaparates the epiglottis from the hyoid and thyroid? How?
Definition
Fat pads; they go from the hyoid to thyroid notch.
Term
Arytenoid Cartilage
Definition
-Paired
-Pyramid-shaped
-Perched on top of the high-backed upper surface of the cricoid cartilage
-Forms the posterior point of attachment for the VFs.
-Base, apex, and 3 surfaces
-Has two processes (vocal and muscular)
-Has 2 pits (fovea) for muscle attachments
-Ladle-like
Term
Which are among the most important cartilages of the larynx?
Definition
The arytenoids
Term
Why are the paired arytenoids among the most important cartilages of the larynx?
Definition
They provide the mechanical structure that permits onset and offset of voicing
Term
Describe the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage
Definition
-anterior angle near the base with a pointed projection where vocal ligament attaches
-Vocal ligament is part of VFs.
Term
Describe the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage
Definition
Laryngeal muscles attach here
Term
Corniculate Cartilages
Definition
-Paired
-Small conical structures atop arytenoid
-May be vestigial--minimal function like the appendix
-Project posteriorly to form the peak of the "pyramid" (arytenoid)
Term
Cuneiform Cartilages
Definition
-Tiny cartilages (2)
-Embedded within the aryepiglottic (vocal) folds
-Vestigial
-Seen as a small bulge in the mucous membranes
-Function: support the aryepiglottic folds and stiffen them to keep larynx open and stable.
Term
Describe the hyoid bone
Definition
-Open in the back; small and U-shaped
-Three parts (body, greater cornu, lesser cornu)
-Highly mobile
-ONLY bone NOT ATTACHED to another bone
Term
What are the 3 parts of the hyoid bone?
Definition
-Body (corpus)
-Greater cornu (horn)
-Lesser cornu
Term
Body/corpus of hyoid
Definition
six muscles attach here
Term
Greater cornu of hyoid
Definition
loose articulation w/ the superior horn of thyroid cartilage
Term
Lesser cornu
Definition
small cone-shaped, directed upward from body of hyoid
Term
Which skeleton is the hyoid bone part of?.
Definition
Axial
Term
What does the hyoid bone provide for the larynx during phonation?
Definition
support
Term
How does the hyoid support the larynx?
Definition
By supporting the base of tongue and floor muscles of mouth
Term
The hyoid bone suspends the larynx by what kind of muscles?
Definition
extrinsic
Term
The hyoid bone is considered part of this mechanism even though it is separated from it:
Definition
larynx
Term
What are the 2 main groups of laryngeal muscles?
Definition
Extrinsic and intrinsic
Term
Intrinsic muscles of larynx
Definition
-Both origin and insertion is ON THE LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES
-Confined to larynx
-Always act in PAIRS and contract TOGETHER (except one!--transverse arytenoid)
-Main function is VOICE PRODUCTION
-FINE ADJUSTMENTS of vocal mechanism
Term
Extrinsic muscles of larynx
Definition
-ONE attachment is OUTSIDE of larynx
-Function is to SUPPORT and FIX the position of the larynx (so it doesn't flop around)
-Major adjustments to ELEVATE or LOWER larynx
Term
What are the 4 functions of paired intrinsic laryngeal muscles?
Definition
1. Adduction
2. Abduction
3. Tension
4. Relaxation
Term
Adduction (intrinsic laryngeal muscle function)
Definition
Approximate (close) VFs for PHONATION and AIRWAY PROTECTION
Term
Abduction (intrinsic laryngeal muscle function)
Definition
Separate or open ARYTENOIDS and VFs for RESPIRATION (breathing)
Term
Tension (intrinsic laryngeal muscle function)
Definition
ELONGATE and TIGHTEN VFs
Term
Relaxation (intrinsic laryngeal muscle function)
Definition
SHORTEN the VFs
Term
What are 2 actions/adjustments of the VFs that bring them midline?
Definition
1. medial compression
2. longitudinal tension
Term
Medial compression (intrinsic laryngeal muscles)
Definition
Force bringing VFs to midline (an additional force from those muscles that bring them together midline)
Term
Longitudinal tension (intrinsic laryngeal muscles)
Definition
Degree of stretching force to bring VFs midline (you can stretch further than how far "tension" allows)
-makes the human voice versatile
Term
Name the intrinsic ADDUCTOR muscles of the larynx:
Definition
-Lateral Cricoarytenoid
-Transverse Arytenoid
-Oblique Arytenoid
Term
Lateral Cricoarytenoid (intrinsic adductor muscle of larynx)
Definition
-Origin: cricoid and MUSCULAR process of arytenoid
-Course: up and back to INSERT into the muscular process of arytenoid
-Causes muscular process to move FORWARD and MEDIAL
-MUSCULAR PROCESS is drawn FORWARD; ROCKS INWARD and DOWNWARD
-Major adduction motion is created by this movement
Term
What movement of the lateral cricoarytenoid causes major ADDUCTION motion?
Definition
The muscular process being drawn forward, rocking in and downward.
Term
Transverse Arytenoid (intrinsic adductor muscle of larynx)
Definition
-UNPAIRED
-Courses from one arytenoid to the other
-Is a band
-AKA transverse interarytenoid
-HORIZONTAL
-Course: from the lateral margin of the posterior surface of one arytenoid cartilage to the other
-Function: to pull arytenoids CLOSER and is therefore a component of MEDIAL COMPRESSION
Term
Which adductor muscles of the larynx are a component of MEDIAL COMPRESSION?
Definition
The transverse and oblique arytenoids because their function is to pull the arytenoids closer
Term
What is the one UNPAIRED intrinsic muscle of the larynx?
Definition
The transverse arytenoid, which is an adductor muscle.
Term
Oblique Arytenoid (adductor muscle of larynx)
Definition
-PAIRED
-SUPERFICIAL to transverse arytenoid
-Similar function as transverse
-Origin: POSTERIOR BASE of MUSCULAR PROCESS
-Course: Oblique up to apex of OPPOSITE ARYTENOID
-'X' appearance
-Function: Pulls apex MEDIAL for adduction; rocking DOWN and INWARD; part of MEDIAL COMPRESSION
Term
Name the intrinsic ABDUCTOR muscles of the larynx:
Definition
-Posterior Cricoarytenoid (there is only one intrinsic abductor muscle!)
Term
How many intrinsic abductor muscles are there?
Definition
ONE!
Term
What is the name of the ONLY intrinsic abductor muscle?
Definition
Posterior cricoarytenoid
Term
Posterior Cricoarytenoid (intrinsic abductor muscle of larynx)
Definition
-The only abductor muscle
-Broad and fan-shaped; in POSTERIOR LARYNX
-Origin: posterior depression of CRICOID LAMINA
-Insertion: posterior part of MUSCULAR PROCESS of ARYTENOID
-Acts as ANTAGONIST (opposes the contraction of another muscle--the agonist) to lateral cricoarytenoid
-Contraction pulls muscular process back and rocks the arytenoid out on its axis to abduct the VFs
Term
Name the intrinsic glottal TENSORS of the larynx:
Definition
-Cricothyroid
-Thyrovocalis
Term
Cricothyroid (intrinsic glottal tensor of larynx)
Definition
-Fan-shaped; broader above
-Acts with THYROARYTENOID cartilage to TENSE or ELONGATE VF; rocks
-Inserts into thyroid cartilage by means of 2 parts (the cricothyroid muscle is composed of two heads):
*pars oblique and pars recta
-Increased distance b/w thyroid and arytenoids to elongate VF = increased tension for pitch changes
Term
Describe pars oblique (one head of the cricothyroid cartilage that inserts into the thyroid cartilage)
Definition
-Arises from the cricoid cartilage lateral to the pars recta, coursing obliquely up to insert into the point of juncture between the thyroid laminae and inferior horns
-Upward and backward to insert on inferior horn of thyroid
Term
Describe the pars recta (one head of the cricothyroid cartilage that inserts into the thyroid cartilage)
Definition
-The medial-most component of the cricothyroid muscle, originating on the ANTERIOR surface of the cricoid cartilage immediately BENEATH the ARCH
-Upper anterior fibers course UP and OUT to insert into the lower surface of the thyroid lamina
Term
Thyrovocalis (intrinsic glottal tensor of larynx)
Definition
-AKA medial thyroarytenoid muscle
-Two separate muscles that compose the main mass of the VF
*Vocalis/Thyrovocalis
*Thyromuscularis
-Antagonist of CRICOTHYROID b/c it draws thyroid and cricoid APART ANTERIORLY
Term
What are the two separate muscles that make up the thyrovocalis/medial thyroarytenoid?
Definition
-Vocalis/Thyrovocalis
-Thyromuscularis
Term
Vocalis/Thyrovocalis (one of two muscles that make up the thyrovocalis/medial thyroarytenoid)
Definition
-Medial (superior) fibers
-From angle of thyroid cartilage, backward to VOCAL process of arytenoid
Term
Thyromuscularis (one of two muscles that make up the thyrovocalis/medial thyroarytenoid)
Definition
-Lateral (inferior) fibers
-From angle of thyroid cartilage coursing parallel to arytenoid cartilage base
-RELAXER
Term
Name the relaxers of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles:
Definition
-Thyromuscularis (lateral thyroarytenoid)
Term
What does the thyromuscularis do? (relaxer of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles)
Definition
Relaxes the VFs.
Term
What does the thyromuscularis pair with in order to make the thyroarytenoid muscle?
Definition
Thyrovocalis
Term
Thyromuscularis (relaxer of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles)
Definition
-Inferior fibers
-Muscle masses immediately lateral to each thyrovocalis
-Originates on the inner surface of the thyroid cartilage, near the notch and lateral to the origin of the thyrovocalis. Runs back to insert into the arytenoid catilage at the muscular process and base
-Contraction of the thyromuscularis causes VFs to adduct and lengthen (contraction of medial fibers relaxes the VFs)
Term
Name the auxiliary muscles of the larynx:
Definition
-Superior Thyroarytenoid
-Thyroepiglottic
-Aryepiglottic
Term
Superior Thyroarytenoid (auxiliary laryngeal muscle)
Definition
-Composed of: thyrovocalis + thyromuscularis
-Can be an adductor, tensor, or relaxer of VF (relaxer in 50% of population)
Term
Thyroepiglottic (auxiliary laryngeal muscle)
Definition
-Originates @ angle of thyroid; inserts epiglottis
-Dilates the laryngeal opening--deep respiratory effort
-Involved only in SWALLOWING
Term
Aryepiglottic (auxiliary laryngeal muscle)
Definition
-Protects airway during swallowing
Term
What can create voice problems such as vocal nodules?
Definition
Improper use of adduction and abduction
Term
Increased tension of VFs will stretch them and reduce their _____ ___ _____ _____.
Definition
mass per unit length
Term
Increasing the tension of the VFs causes an increase in what?
Definition
frequency of vibrations (raises pitch)
Term
Contraction of what muscle causes VFs to tense and raise vocal pitch?
Definition
thyrovocalis
Term
Characteristics of extrinsic laryngeal muscles:
Definition
-A portion of the muscle is OUTSIDE the larynx
-Many are DEEP to the sternocleidomastoid muscle
-Can be grouped as being ABOVE (SUPRA) OR BELOW (INFRA) the HYOID bone
*Suprahyoid "strap muscles"
*Infrahyoid muscles
-Can be grouped as to whether they ELEVATE or DEPRESS the LARYNX
*Hyolaryngeal elevators
*Hyolaryngeal depressors
Term
Describe the digastric muscle (extrinsic, suprahyoid, hyolaryngeal muscle)
Definition
-Paired with 2 bellies that are joined by a tendon which goes through a fibrous loop
-Considered to be both a laryngeal elevator as well as a floor of mouth (FOM) muscle
Term
What is the FIRST function of the digastric muscle?
Definition
-Raises hyoid bone (Assists the hyoid bone to move forward and backward)
Term
What are the 2 bellies of the digastric muscle?
Definition
1. Anterior belly/digastricus anterior
2. Posterior belly/ digastricus posterior
Term
Anterior belly of digastric muscle
Definition
-Courses down and backward
-Origin: symphysis of MANDIBLE
-Inserts on hyoid bone via intermediate tendon
Term
Posterior belly of digastric muscle
Definition
-Course: down and forward
-Origin: mastoid process on TEMPORAL BONE OF SKULL near ear
-Inserts on hyoid bone via intermediate tendon
Term
What are the two bellies of the digastric muscle joined by?
Definition
Intermediate tendon (tendon attached to hyoid at junction of corpus and greater cornu)
Term
What is the SECOND function of the digastric muscle?
Definition
Elevate hyoid for swallowing
Term
What is the THIRD function of the digastric muscle?
Definition
To help depress the jaw
Term
Stylohyoid muscle (extrinsic, suprahyoid, hyoid elevator)
Definition
-Long and slender
-Superficial to posterior belly and runs parallel
-DOES NOT LOOP
-Origin: styloid process in TEMPORAL BONE of skull
-Course: down and forward to insert on greater horn of hyoid
-Function: move HYOID UP and BACK during SWALLOWING
Term
Mylohyoid muscle (extrinsic, suprahyoid, hyoid elevator)
Definition
-Thin sheet fans out
-A FOM muscle UNDER the digastric
-Origin: mandible @ mylohyoid line
-Course: Downward to insert into the HYOID CORPUS (body of hyoid)
-Function: ELEVATE hyoid, FOM, and tongue during SWALLOWING
-May also depress the mandible
-No real function in SPEECH
Term
Geniohyoid (extrinsic, suprahyoid, hyoid elevator)
Definition
-PAIRED
-CYLINDRICAL
-FOM
-Above and PARALLEL to DIGASTRIC and MYLOHYOID
-Origin: mental symphysis of mandible
-Courses down and backward into corpus of hyoid
-Function: Pull HYOID UP and FORWARD
-Depress mandible
Term
Hyoglossus (extrinsic, suprahyoid, hyoid elevator)
Definition
-EXTRINSIC TONGUE MUSCLE
-Origin: greater cornu of hyoid
-Course: upward to insert into back and sides of the tongue
-Function: depress the TONGUE as well as assist in HYOID ELEVATION
Term
Genioglossus (actually a major tongue muscle but still considered hyoid elevator)
Definition
-Origin: mental symphysis of mandible
-Fans out and courses upward and lower fibers insert on hyoid body whereas upper fibers are under surface of the tongue itself
-Elevates the hyoid and draws it forward to INITIATE a swallow
Term
Sternohyoid (extrinsic, infrahyoid, depressor)
Definition
-Goes from sternum to hyoid bone
-Flat and anterior neck muscle
-Origin: manubrium of the sternum and clavicle and course vertically upward to insert on the lower border of the hyoid corpus
-Function: Draw hyoid DOWN when jaw OPENS
Term
Omohyoid (extrinsic, infrahyoid, depressor)
Definition
-Long, narrow muscle on SIDE and FRONT of neck
-Has 2 bellies (superior and inferior) that join at an INTERMEDIATE TENDON
-Main origin: scapula with insertion at greater horn of hyoid
-Function: Depress hyoid and PROTECT NECK during DEEP INSPIRATION as in fright
Term
What are the two bellies of the Omohyoid muscle?
Definition
1. Superior belly
2. Inferior belly
Term
Superior belly of omohyoid muscle
Definition
Origin at intermediate tendon and goes vertical and medial to insert on GREATER HORN of HYOID
Term
Inferior belly of omohyoid muscle
Definition
Origin at SCAPULA and runs horizontal and forward to insert into INTERMEDIATE TENDON
Term
Sternothyroid (extrinsic, infrahyoid, depressor)
Definition
-Origin: manubrium of sternum and FIRST COSTAL CARTILAGE
-Courses upward to insert into the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage
-ACTIVE DURING SWALLOWING; brings LARYNX DOWN as swallow terminates
-Depresses the thyroid cartilage
Term
Thyrohyoid (extrinsic, infrahyoid, depressor)
Definition
-Considered the SUPERIOR COUNTERPART to the STERNOTHYROID
-Courses down from oblique line of thyroid to inferior margin of greater cornu of hyoid
Function: either depress HYOID or elevate LARYNX
Term
What does the term "strap muscles" generally refer to?
Definition
suprahyoid muscles
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