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stored energy available to do work
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| energy being used to do work; any moving object posses kinetic energy |
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| most common unit of measuring the energy content of food. kilocalori equals 1000 calories |
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| measure of randomness or dissorder |
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| the sum of chemical reactions in a cell |
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| oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions |
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| chemical reaction in which one reactant is oxidized and another is reduced |
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| the loss of one or more electrons by a participant in a chemical reaction |
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| membrane bound molecular complex that shuttles electrons to slowly extract their energy |
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| - a difference in solute concentration between two neighboring regions. Gradients dissipate without energy input. |
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| movement of a solute across a membrane without the direct expenditure of energy |
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| the dissipation of a chemical gradient by random molecular motion |
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| a substance passes through the membrane along its concentration gradient without the aid of a transport protein |
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| condtion in which a solute concentration is the same on both sides of a semipermeable membrane |
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| describes a solution in which the solute concentration is less than on the other side of a semipermeable membrane |
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| describes a solution in which the solute conectration is greater than on the other side of semipermeable mebrane |
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| the force of water pressing against the cell |
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| -membrane protein admits a substance along its concentration gradient without expending energy |
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| a carrier protein uses energy (ATP) to move a substance against its concentration gradient |
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| uses active transport to exhchange sodium ions for potassium ions |
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| a cell engulfs liquids or large particles |
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| vesicles inside the cell carry substances to the cell membrane where they fuse with the membrane and realease the cargo inside |
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Define potential and kinetic energy
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Potential energy: is stored energy available to do work.
Kinetic energy: is energy being used to do work; any moving object possess kinetic energy. |
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Express how potential and kinetic energy relate to thermodynamics (we discussed 2 laws)
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first law:
-energy exists
-cannot be destroyed
-only converted to other forms
-energy transfomrations sustaining life are similar in all organisms
second law
-all transfomrations are efficent
-some energy is lost as heat
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| the biochemical reaction of a cell |
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Define endergonic and exergonic reactions
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endergonic reaction - a reaction requiring a net input of free energy
exergonic reaction - a reaction that gives off free energy
*energy is being released or absorbed |
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Discuss the difference between ADP and ATP, and describe how cells store energy in ATP
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ADP-
ATP- A molecule whose high-energy phosphate bonds power many biological processes
How cells store energy- |
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Discuss the nature of enzymes
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| they lower the amount of energy required to start a reaction |
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Label a process such as substrate + enzyme à enzyme-substrate complex à enzyme + product
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substrate (the molecule undergoing a reaction) binds to the enzyme (the catalyst) forming intermediate complex; in intermediate complex the substrate is altered, then released from the enzyme as product; the enzyme, unchanged in the reaction, can then participate in another reaction with a substrate molecule.
H2O + amylase + starch --> amylase-starch complex --> maltose + amylase. |
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Define activation energy and how it relates to enzymes
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| the amount of energy that is required to start a reaction. And enzymes lower that amount of energy |
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Define “selectively permeable”
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| membranes have the ability to admit only some substances |
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Define concentration gradient
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| a solute is more concentrated in one reaction than in a neighboring region |
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Define active and passive transport
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active: movement of a substance across a membrane against its concentration gradient, using a carrier protein and energy from ATP
Passive: a substance moves across a membrane without the direct expenditure of energy. |
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Define simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion
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simple Diffusion:is a form of passive transport in which a substance moves down its concentration gradient without the aid of transport protein
osmosis: Is the simple diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
Facilitated diffusion: is a form of passive transport in which a membrane protein assists the movement of a polar solute along its concentration gradient where it is more concentrated to where it is less concentrated |
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Describe osmosis in the context of tonicity scenarios e.g. a red blood cell in hypo, iso, hyper..tonic solution
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| human red blood cell is isotonic to the surrounding plamsa. Water enters and leaves the cell at the same rate, and the cell maintains its shape. When the blood cell is in hyptonic solution it it when the salt concentration of the plasma decreases,water flows into the cell faster that it leaves. The cell swells and even bursts. When the cell is hypertonic it is in salty surroundings , the cell loses water and shrinks |
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Describe the processes of endocytosis and exocytosis
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endocytosis:It is a process, which involves intake of a substance due to a pushing in of the cell membrane.Two types of endocytosis is pinocytosis and phagocytosis.Exocytosis:It is the process in which materials either waste products or secretions are eliminated from a cell. The process involves the substance being surrounded by a membranous vacuole or vesicle. It moves to the surface of the cell and fuses with the cell membrane. The substance gets released to outside. This process is therefore commonly known as 'cell vomiting'.
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| organic molecules (usually proteins) that speed up biochemical reactions by lowering the activation energy |
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| energy required for a chemical reaction to begin |
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| the part of an enzyme to which substrates bind |
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| a reaction product temporarily shuts down its own sythesis whenever its levels rise.Negitive feedback may occur by cometive or noncompetive inhibition |
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| competive and noncompetitive inhibition |
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competive: change in an enzyme's activity occuring when an inhibitor binds to the active site,competing with the enzyme's normal substrate.
noncompetive:change in an enzyme's shape occuring when an inhibitor binds to a site other than the active site |
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| membranes have the ability to admit only some substances |
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