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| changes to S shape, thats required for upright posture |
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| in greek means "dried up body" |
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| skeleton is divided into __ regions: |
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| 2 regions the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton |
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| form the longitudinalaxis of the body |
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| bones of the limbs and girdles |
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| in addition to bones, it includes joints, cartilages, and ligaments |
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| body shape and form, support, protection, movement, storage, and blood cell formation |
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| bones form the internal framework that supports and anchors all soft organs. bones of the legs support the body trunk when we stand, and rib cage supports the thoracic wall |
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| bones protect soft body organs (fused bones of the skull provide a snug enclosure for the brain). vertebrae surround the spinal cord, and the rib cage helps protect the vita organs of the thorax |
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| skeletal muscles, attached to the bones by tendons, use the bones as levers to move the body and its parts |
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| fat is stored in the internal cavities of bones. bones store minerals (most imp: calcium and phosphorus)small amount of calcium in its ion form (Ca2+) must be present in the blood at all times for the nervous system to transmit messages, for muscle to contract, and for blood to clot. most of the body's calcium is deposited in the bones as calcium salts, the bones are a convinient place to get more calcium ions for the blood. problems when there is too much or too little calcium. hormones control the movement of calcium to and from th ebones and blood according to the needs of the body. |
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| aka. hematopoiesis, occurs within the marrow cavities of certain bones |
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| two basic types of osseous, or bone, tissue |
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| compact bone, spongy bone |
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| dense and looks smooth and homogeneous. under a microscope it has a complex structure, riddled with passageways carrying nerves, blood vessel, provide the living bone cells with nutrients and a route for waste disposal |
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| composed of small needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space. it appears to have apiky open appearance |
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| Classification of bone shapes |
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| long, short, flat, irregular |
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| typically longer than they re wide. have a shaft with heads at both ends. most compact bones. all of the limbs except the wrist and askle bones.develop using hyaline catilage structures as their "models" |
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| cube shaped, contain mostly spongy bone. ex. wrist ankle,patella, sesamoid bones (form within tendns).develop using hyaline catilage structures as their "models" |
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| thin, flattened, usually curved. have two thin layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone.between them ex. most bones of the skull, ribs, and the sternum (breastbone). form on fibrous membrances (unlike other bones that develop using hyaline catilage structures as their "models" |
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| dont fit in any of the other categories. ex.the vertebrae (make up the spinal column), the hip bone. develop using hyaline catilage structures as their "models" |
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| shaft, makes up most of the bones length and is composed of compact bone. covered and protected by the periosteum |
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| a fibrous connective tissue membrance that covers and protects the diaphysis |
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| aka. Sharpey's fibers. hundreds of these fibers secure the periosteun to the underlying bone. |
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| the ends of long bones. each consists of a thin layer of compact bone enclosing an area filled with spongy bone. in adults there is a thin like of bone tissue spanning it - the epiphyseal line |
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| instead of the periosteum, covers the bone's external surface. its glassy, hyaline cartilage, provides a smooth, slippery surface that decreases friction at joint surfaces |
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| in adult bones, it is a line of bony tissue spanning the epiphysis that looks a bit defferent from the rest of the bone in that area. it is a remnant of the epiphyseal plate |
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| a flat plate of hyaline cartilage, seen in young growing bone. cause the lengthwise growth of a lone bone. by the end of puberty when hormones inhibit long bone growth, epiphyseal plates have been completely replaced by bone leaving only the epiphyseal lines to mark where they were |
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| aka. medullary cavity, in adults its the cavity of the shaft is primaruly a storage area for adipose (fat) tissue.in infants this area forms blood cells and RED MAROOW is found there |
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| in infants yellow marrow forms blood cells and red marrow is found there. in adults red marrow is confined to the cavities of spongy bone of flat bones and the epiphyses of some long bones. |
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| reveal where muscle, tendons, and ligaments were attached, and where blood vessels and nerves passed. two categories: projections and processes. all the bone markings beginning with T are projections. all the terms beginning with F except facet are depressions |
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| or processes, grow out from the bone surface |
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| or cavities are ndentations in the bone |
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| mature bone cells, found in lacunae |
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| tiny cavities within the matrix, where the osteocytes are found. they are arranged in concentric circles (lamallae) |
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| concentric circles that the lacunae are arranged in. aroudn the central (Haversian) canals |
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| central (Haversian) canals |
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| the lamellae are around this . consistign of central canal and matrix rings called an osteon. run lengthwise through the bony matrix , carrying blood vessels and nerves to all areas of the bone |
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| or Haversian system. each complec sonsisting of central canals ad matric rings is called this |
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| tiny canals, radiate outward from the central cnals to all lacunae. form a transportation system that connects all the bone cells to the nutrient supply through the hard bone matrix. elaborate network of canals bone cells are well nourished in spite of the ardness of the matriz and bone injuries hea quickly and well. |
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| perforating (Volkmann's) canal |
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| completes the communication pathway from the outside of the bone to its interior (and the central canals). runs into the compact bone at right angles to the shaft |
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| projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment, large rounded projection, may be roughened |
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| projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment. narrow ridge of bone, usually prominent |
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| projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment. very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (ex. femur) |
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| projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment. narrow ridge of bone, less prominent than a crest |
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| projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment. small, rounded projection or process |
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| projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment. raised area on or above a condyl |
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| projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment. sharp, slender, often pointed projection |
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| projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment. any bony prominence |
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| projections that help to form joins. bony expansion carried on a narrow neck |
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| projections that help to form joins. smooth, nearly flat articular surface |
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| projections that help to form joins. rounded articular projection. |
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| projections that help to form joins. armlike bar of bone |
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| depressions and openings allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass. canal-like passageway |
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| depressions and openings allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass. cavity within a bone, flled with air and lined with mucous membrane. |
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| depressions and openings allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass. shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface. |
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| depressions and openings allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass. furrow |
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| depressions and openings allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass. narrow, slitlike opening |
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| depressions and openings allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass. round or oval opening through a bone |
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| cartilage and bone (two of te strongest and most supportive tissues in the body. in embryos, the skeleton is primary made of hyaline cartilage, but as a young child most of the cartilage had been replaced by bone. remains only in isolated areas such as the bridge of the nose, parts of the ribs, and the joints |
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| process of bone formation. involves two major phases. first, the hyaline cartilage model is completely covered with bone matrix by bone forming cells called osteoblasts. for a short time the fetus had catilage "bones" enclosed by "bony" bones. then enclosed hyaline catilage model is digested away,opening up a medullary cavity within the newly formed bone. |
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| bone forming cells called osteoblasts. covers the hyaline cartilage model wih the bone matrix |
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| After birth or shortly after, most hyaline cartilage models have been converted to bone except for these two regions |
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| the articular cartilages, and the epiphyseal plates |
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| cover the bone ends, persist for life, reducing friction at the joint surfaces |
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| provide for longitudinal growth of the long bones during childhood |
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| formed continuously on the external face of the articular cartilage face of the aticular cartilage, and the epiphyseal plate surface that is further away from the medullary cavity. the old cartilage against the internal face of the articular cartilage and the medullary cavity is broken down and replaced by bony matrix, |
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| gowing bones must widen as they legthen. osteolats in the periostium add bone tissue to the external face of the diaphysis as osteoclasts in the endosteum remove bone from the inner face of the diaphysis wall. appositional growth- the process by which bones increase in diameter. lng-bone growth is controlled by hormones (during puberty: sex hormones, groth hormone) ends during adolescence when the epiphyseal plated are converted completely to bone. |
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| What two factors change bones continuously? |
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| 1) calcium levels in the blood 2) pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton |
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| What happens when blood calcium levels drop below homeostatic levels? |
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| the parathyroid glands are stimulated to release parathyroid hormone (PTH) into the blood. |
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| activated by PTH. giant, bone-destroying cells in bones, to break down bone matrix and release calcium ions into the blood. |
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| what happens when the blood calcium levels are too high? |
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| calcium is deposited in bone matrix as hard calcium salts |
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| essential if bones are to retain normal proportions and strength during long-bone growth as the body increases in size and weight. accounts for bone thickening and form projections to increase the strenth where bulky muscles attach. |
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| Common types of fractures |
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| comminuted, compression, depressed, impacted, spiral, greenstick |
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| bone breaks into many fragments. common in the aged (more brittle bones) |
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| bone is crushed. common in porous bones (osteoporotic bones) |
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| broken bone portion is pressed inward, typical of skull fracture |
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| broken bone ends are forced into each other. common when someone tries to break their fall with outstretched arms |
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| ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone. common in sports fractures |
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| bone breaks incompletely much in the way a green twig breaks. common in children whose bones are more flexible than those of adults. |
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| is disease of children in which bones fail calcify. as a result, the bones soften and definite bowing of the weight-bearing bones of the legs occurs. due to lack of calcium in the diet or lack of vitamin D, which is needed to absorb calcium into the bloodstream . |
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| breaks, bones are seseptible to them. during youth they are a result of excptional trauma that smashes or twists the bones. in the elderly, bones thin and weaken, and fractures occur more often. |
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| (or simple fracture)fracture occurs but does not penetrate the skin |
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| (or compound fracture) fracture in which the ends penetrate through the skin |
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| realignment of the broken bone ends. treats fractures |
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| bone ends are coaxed back into their normal position by the physicians hands |
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| surgery is proformed, bone ends are secured together with pins or wires. after the bone has been reduced it is immobilized by a cast or traction to allow the healing process to begin (6-8 weeks, but longer for long bones, and old people) |
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| 4 major events for repair of bone fractures |
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| a hematoma is formed, the break is splinted by a fibrocatilage callus,the bony callus is formed, bone remodeling occurs |
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| (repairing bone fracture) blood vessels are ruptured when the bone breaks. as a result a blood filled swelling called a hematoma forms, bone cells deprived of nutrition die |
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| a blood filled swelling that forms when blood vessels are ruptured when the bone breaks |
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| break is splinted by a fibrocartilage callus |
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| (event for the repair of bone fracture)growth of new capillaried (granulation tissue) into the clotted blood at the site of the damage, and the disposal of dead tissue by phagocytes. connective tissue cells of various types form a mass of rapair tissues called fibrocartilage callus. contains several elements some catilage matrix, some bony matric, and collagen fibers, and act to "splint" the broken bone, closing the gap |
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| repair tissues formed by connective tissue cells of various types. contains several elements- some cartilage matrix, some bony matrix, and collagen fibers. act to splint the broken bone closing the gap. |
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| the bony callus is formed |
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| osteoblasts and osteoclasts migrate into the area and multiply, the fibrocartilage callus is gradually replaces by one made of spongy bone, the bony callus |
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| spongy bone that gradually replaces the fibrocartilage callus as the osteoblasts and osteoclasts migrate into the area and multiply, |
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| (event of the repair of a fracture) few weeks to month depending on the bone size and the site of the break, the bony callus is remodeled in response to the mechanical stresses places on it so that it forms a stong permanent "patch" at the fracture site |
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