Early group of Italy

records of language hard to understand

what we know of them is from the Greeks

established organization of city states

skilled craftspeople

women had a large role, more rights, almost as much as men

influence - toga, wine, olive oil, arch, vault

wars stemmed from oppostition to Rome

mostly between rome and carthage(north africa)

carthage - originally phoenician, had a large navy, bad army

word Punic comes from word used to describe Phoenicians

there was a 1st, second, and 3rd Punic War

over sicily

20 year stalemate until rome developed navy

rome won, yet carthage not exactly defeated

increased tension between the two leads to 2nd punic

16 years 

elephants!!!!!!!!! led by hannibal through alps from spain

elephant catapults!!!!!!

yet hannibal was defeated when he tried to convert romans

“your elephants cool, but you aint to fly” - romans to hannibal

met at battle at zama near carthage - rome won again

149 BC – made excuse to go to war

told carthage they had to move inland and lose access to sea, they refused, started war

siege of carthage – killed people, sold ppl into slavery, destroyed carthage, “sowed the land with salt”

rome’s codification of law

the plebians wanted a straight forward set of laws they didn’t have before

yet once they got the laws they realized how bad the social stratification was

eventually the plebiens got access to senate

106-43 BCE

roman policitian and public teacher

taught stoicism

virtue is happiness, rationality is necessary 

used army as tool to challenge power of dictator

formed Triumvirate between he, Pompey, and Crassus

Crassus killed early on

civil war between Pompey and Caesar

Caesar crossed Rubicon in 49 BCE and defeated Pompey in Greece

ruled as absolute monarch/dictator for life

powers

war/peace

revenue

reorganized calendar

extended citizenship to people of Gaul and Hispania 

efforts north and west into Europe

popular with masses, not Senators

Lucius Junius Brutus

Ides of March Caesar stabbed to death on floor of Senate

grand nephew/adopted son of Julius Caesar

63 BCE--14 CE 

elected consul

there were some who opposed his rule, but he welcomed them and created temporary peace

opposed by Marcus Antonius initially, but reconciled and formed 2nd Triumvirate

Octavian

Lepidus (died shortly after)

Antony

killed Caesar’s opponents

tension soon erupted between Octavian and Antony (deja vous)

Antony fled to Egypt, alliance with Cleopatra

Senate declared war on Cleopatra as technicality; they didn’t want to declare war on Antony, pressured by Caesar

Battle of Actium 31 BCE

Octavian victorious, Cleopatra and Antony pull a Romeo and Juliet

200 yr period of peace that had smooth transitions of power. The rulers chose their predecessors before death. 

Its emperors are the Julio-Claudian Emperors. 

a Judio Claudian Emperor

this group had little external conflict, good sucession

member of “five good emperors’

built hadrians wall

expanded into British Isles

statue of him in New Iberia once

Yeshua bar Yosef (Joshua of Joseph=Jesus in Greek)

Sources come from Paul of Taurus and Gospels through epistles and letters. He did not know Jesus personally.

Born in 4 BCE

Public career began at 26 CE

not a great historical record pre-public career

traveled through Galilee, Judea

attracted followers known as discoples

was Crucified by Pontius Pilate and resurrected from the dead