Term
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Definition
-seek the reasons for differences in crime rates in the social environment.
-these theories can be grouped into 3 general categories: strain, cultural deviance, and social control. |
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Definition
| argues that all members of society subscribe to one set of cultural values (middle class>economic sucess). |
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Definition
-breakdown of social order as a result of loss of standards and values
-when simple society becomes urbanized the intamacy needed to sustain a common set of norms declines, groups fragment, absence of common set of rules, actions clash w/ other sector, system breaks down
-classes in conflict |
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Term
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Definition
| -suicide rate increases during time of rapid change,unfamiliar situations. (ie economic change, either prosperity or depression) rules that once governed behavior no longer hold true. (strain) |
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Term
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Definition
-related crime to anomie
-problem caused by social structure that holds out the same goal to all its members without giving them equal means to achieve them
-cause norms to break down bc no longer effective guides to behavior
-social structure root of crime problem.
-people are law abiding but resort to crime under pressure
-disparity between goals and means provide pressue |
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Term
Merton's Theory of Anomie |
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Definition
1.cultural goals
2.accepted ways to attain desired ends (goals should be reachable) disparity between goals and means fosters frustration>strain :[
-lower class=greater proportion of crime (cant reach goals)
-income inequality in democratic societies more violent bc coexistence of high material inequality & egalitarian value system.
-racial inequality frustration politcally |
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Term
Modes of Individual Adaption
(Merton) |
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Definition
-depend on attitudes toward the cultural goals and the institutional means of attaining those goals
conformity: Accept goals & means of achieving them
innovation: A. goals & design own means (burglary,robbery..)
ritualism: abandon goals once believed to be in reach & resign to present lifestyle
retreatism: give up goals & means(why try),druggies,nonproductive
rebellion:cultural goals/means rejected,substitute their own goals and own means (rid establisment,protest) |
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Term
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Definition
-only focuses on lower levels of social class
-American subcultures may have differing goals.
-some socities have limited means to achieve goals, crime rates aren't as high.
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Term
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Definition
-build on Merton's ideas.
-material success, encourage crime,High Crime, is more than monetary gain, major social institutions dont have capaciy to control behavior, fail to counterbalence ethos of American dream
- devaluation of nonecon. roles & functions: economic values (education)
-accomodation of institutions to econ. needs: college, etc
-penetration of economic norms into others: spouses (business)
crime^emphasis on monetary rewards^ |
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Term
General Strain Theory
(Agnew) |
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Definition
-revised Merton, failure to achieve material goals, frustration & anger when one is treated in a way they dont want to be in a social relationship.
-anger stimulates action,revenge agression(not EVERY1) depending on capacity to deal w stress
-crimeprevention strategies for lower class to achieve middle class goals(ie Head Start-low income children competent,lower stress...Perry Preschool Project:help w school and workplace..Jop Corps:jobs&higher education)
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Term
General
Strain-producing
Events
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Definition
-failure to achieve positively valued goals.(lowerclass&monetary sucess)
-removal of pisitively valued stimuli(loss of someone/thing)
-negative stimuli presentation(stress,victimization,abuse)
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Term
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Definition
-crime caused by set of values that exist in disadvantaged neighborhood. cultural values that demand behavior in violation of the law.
Three major types: Social disorganization, differential association, culture conflict. |
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Social Disorganization Theory |
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Definition
-development of high-crime areas in which there is disintegration of conventional values caused by rapid industrialization, increased immigration, and urbanization
-fear,inexpensive living, economic effects
-doesnt mention how crime BEGINS, why delinquints stop commiting crime later, social disorg. ppl dont commit crime,doesnt explain middle class.
-delinquincy preventio programs (Chicago Area Project), weed out negative influence and prevention (weed & seed) bring conventional social values to communities |
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Term
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Definition
-breakdown of effective social bonds,family & neighborgood associations
-Park&Burgess: zone w/ own structure. Z2:poor & disadvantaged z3:working class enjoying some city comforts z4:commuters/middle
Shaw and Mckay: delinquency decrease from center, some areas have delinquency regardless of ethnicity although generallyy immigrants non white low income,nonconventional norms, high crime =high rfate of other problems ..social transmission |
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Term
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Definition
| delinquency is socially learned behavior, transmitted from one generation to the next |
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Term
Differential Association Theory
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Definition
-Sutherland
-people learn crime by contact with antisocial values, attitudes, criminal behavior patterns. definitions favorable to violation of laws
-not applicable to EVERYONE, dont explain all types of crime, some learn such behavior but dont engage in criminal acts,nonsocial variables( need for $$$),origin of criminaltechniques ntot explained just how transmitted, inevitability of becoming criminal ones defintions exceed defitions to unfav to law violagion |
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Term
Sutherland's 9 Propositions |
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Definition
1.criminal behavior learned 2. through communication 3.intimate persoal groups (fam/friend) 4.techniquesfor crimes, direction of motives 5.favorable or unfavorable 6.excess of favorable to violation 7.associations vary in frequency,duration,priority,intensity 8.learning crime is like learning anything
9.different motives cant be the same
-recent friendshipsgreatly effect delinquency |
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Term
Differential Association Theory
Criticism |
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Definition
-error in evaluation, why not everyone in prolonged contact w/ criminal becomes one,unfavorable definitions communicated by normals
-doesnt explain all types,ie jealous rage, non social variables like need for $$$,
-only explains tranmission,
-inevitablity of becoming criminal |
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Term
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Definition
-Sellin
-source of criminal norms
-norms are rules that reflect the attitudes of groups to which each of us belongs. -criminal vs noncriminal: each respods to diffset ofnorms
primary conflict- two culture norms clash,neighboring cultural areas
secondary conflict- single culture evolves into a variety of cultures, each w own set of norms. homogenous society of simpler culturesbecome complex societies w/ social grouping multiplying |
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