Any hairlike structure

Cilia in the trachea move particles upward to the pharynx, wehre they are removed by coughing, sneezing, or swallowing.  This mechanism is called the cilia escalator.  Habitual smoking destroys the cilia escalator.

nas/o

rhin/o

sinus, cavity

sinustomy is performed to improve ventilation or drainage in unresponsive sinusitis

adenoids

adenoidectomy

tonsils

i.e. peritonsillar

pharynx(throat)

i.e. pharyng/o/scope - instrument for examining the pharynx.

epiglottis

i.e. epiglottitis: becaue the epiglottis seals the passageway traveled by air to and from the lungs, inflammation can lead to severe airway obstruction and death.  Epiglottitis is treated as a medical emergency.

larynx (voice box)

i.e. laryngoplegia

bronchus

i.e. bronchiectasis (dilation of one or more bronchi- bronchiectasis is associated with various lung conditions and is commonly accompanied by chronic infection.

i.e. bronchoscope: A flexible tube that is passed through the nose or mouth and enables inspection of the lungs and collection of tissue biopsies and secretions for analysis

pleura

i.e. pleurocentesis: surgical puncture of the pleural cavity; also called thoracocentisis or throacentesis.

pneum/o

phenumon/o

air, lung

pneumectomy: excision of lung

pneumnoia: condition of inflammation of the lungs. The usual causes of pnemonia are infections due to bacteria, viruses, or other pathogenic organisms.

lung

i.e. pulmonologist: specialist in the study and treatment of lungs.

coal, coal dust

anthracosis: abnormal condition of coal dust in the lung.  Anthracosis is a chronic occupational disease found in coal miners and those associated with the coal industry.

incomplete; imperfect

i.e. atelectasis: incomplete expansion of the lung; also called airless lung or collapsed lung.

dust

i.e. pneumoconiosis: condition of dust in the lungs.

pneumonoconiosis is usually caused by mineral dusts of occupational or enviornemental origin.  Forms of pnemonoconiosis include silicosis, asbestiosis, and anthracosis

blue

cyanosis: abnormal condition of blueness

cold temps, heart failure, lung diseases, and smothering causes unusual blueness of the skin and mucous membranes due to the buid-up of carbon dioxide in the blood.

lobe

i.e. lobectomy

lobectomies are performed when a malignancy is confined to a single lobe of any lobed organ, such as the lungs, liver, brain, and thyroid gland.

straight

orthopnea: breathing in a straight or upright position.  Various lung disorders cause a patient to experience difficulty breathing in any position other than sitting or standing erect.

ox/i

ox/o

oxygen

oximeter: instrument used for measuring oxygen

An oximeter is usually attached to the tip of a finger but may also be placed on a toe or ear lobe.  It provides a measurement of the oxygen saturation level of the blood.

chest

pectoralgia: pain in the chest; also called thoracalgia, thoacodynia, and pectordynia.

chest

i.e. stethoscope: instrument used for examining the chest

thorac/o

chest

i.e. thoarcopathy: disease of chest

diagphragm; mind

Phrenospasm: involuntary contraction of the diaphragm

breathe

spirometer: instrumetn for measuring breathing.

A spirometer measures how much air the lungs can hold (vital capacity) as well as how much and how quickly air can be exhaled.

carbon dioxide

i.e. hypercapnia: excessive carbon dioxide

smell

anosmia: without the sense of smell

smell

anosmia

without the sense of smell

voice

dysphonia.  bad voice quality including hoarseness, voice fatigue, or decreased projection

spitting

hemoptysis: spitting of blood.  Bloody sputum is usually a sign of a serious condition of the lungs.

chest

pyothorax

py/o - pus

pyothrorax is usually caused by a penetrating chest wound or spreading of infection from another part of the body.

COPD, produces spasms in the bronchial passages that may be sudden and violent (paroxysmal) and lead to dyspnea.  commonly caused by exposure to allergens or irritants. also caused by stress, cold, and exercize.  During recovery, coughing episodes produce large amounts of mucus. 

Txs include agents that loosen and break down mucus (mucolytics) and medications that expand the bronchi (bronchodilators)

inflammation of the bronchi caused mainly by smoking and air pollution.  Characterized by swelling of the mucosa and a heavy, productive cough, commonly accompanied by chest pain.

Txs bronchodialators and expectorants help to widen air passages.  Steroids may be prescribed if the disease progresses or becomes chronic.

Flu is an acute infectious respiratory viral disease.  Three major viral types are responsible. Type A is associated with world wide epidemics (pandemics) and its causative organism is highly infectious (virulent)  Occurs approximately ever 2 to 3 years.

Type B limited geographically and tends to be less severe than type A.  Both undergo antigenic changes, and new vaccines must be developed in anticipation of outbreaks.  Type C is mild and not associated with epidemics.

S&S: rapid onset, fever, chills, headache, generalized muscle pain (myalgia) and loss of appetite, recovery in about 7-10 dya.s

Any abnormal fluid in the pleural cavity, the space between the visceral and parietal pleura. 

Techinques for diagnosing = Auscultation (listening of sounds made by organs of the body using a stethoscope.

Percussion = gentle tapping the chest with the fingers and listening to the resultant sounds to determine the position, size, or consistency of the underlying structures.

Effusions are transudates (noninflammatory fluid that resembles serum but with slightly less protein relting from imbalance in venous arterial pressure or decrease of protein in blood. or Exudate (usually high in proteinand often contains blood and immune cells.  Common causes includ tumors, infections, and inflammation.  Various types of pleural effusions include serum (hydrothorax), pus (empyema or pyothorax) and blood (hemothorax).  Pneumothorax = air entering the pleural space resulting in a partial or complete collapse of a lung.

Inflammatory disease of the lungs caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.  Fatal pneumonias include those caused by influenza, food or liquid inhalation (aspiration pneumnoia).

S&S = chest pain, mucopurulent sputum, and spitting of blood (hemoptysis).  If air in lungs is replaced by fluid and inflammatory debris, lung tissue looses its spongy texture and becomes swollen and engorged.

hereditory disorder of the exocrine glands that cause the body to secrete extremely thick (viscous) mucus which clogs the ducts of the pancreas and digestive tract imapiring digestion and causing malnutrition.  Also blocks ducts of sweat glands causing skin to become highly salty.  IN the lungs, mucus blocks airways and impedes natural disease fighting mechanisms, causing repeated infections.  TX = medication in the form of mists (aerosols) along with postural drainage provide relief.

This disease is fatal.

Condition in which the lungs no longer function effectively, threatening the life of the patient, resulting from very serious lung conditions, such as trauma, severe pneumonia, and other major infections that affect the entire body (systemic infections) or blood (sepsis)

Alveoli fill with fluid (edema) caused by inflammation, and then collapse, making oxygen exchange impossible. Mechanical ventialation is required to save the life.

Hyaline membrane disease (HMD) sometimes called infant respiratory distress syndrome caused by insufficient surfactant S&S = cyanosis of extremities and flaring of the nostrils, tachypnea, intercostal retraction, and a characteristic grunt audible during exhalation.

Excessive acidity of body fluids

Respiratory acidosis is commonly associated with pulmonary insufficiency and the subsequent retention of carbon dioxide

Absence of the sense of smell

Acidosis usually occurs as a temporary condition resulting from an upper respiratory infection or a condition that causes intranasal swelling.

Temporary loss of breathing

There are three types of apnea: obstructive (enlarged tonsils and adenoids) central(failure of the brain to transmit impulses for breathing) and mixed (combination of obstructive and central apnea).  Sleeping disorder in which breathing stops repeatedly for more than 10 seconds, causing measureable blood deoxygenation

phyxia: pulse

Condition caused by insufficent intake of oxygen.  Some common causes of asphyxia are drowning, electric shock, lodging of a foreign body in the respiratory tract, inhalation of toxic smoke, and poisoning.

atel (imperfect, incomplete)

ectasis: dilation, expansion

Collapsed or airless state of the lung, which may be acute or chronic and affect all or part of a lung

Atelectasis is a potential complication of some surgical procedures, especially those of the chest becasue breathing is commonly shallow after surgery to avoid pain from the surgical incision.  In fetal atelectasis, the lungs fail to expand normally at birth.

Ease with which lung tissue can be stretched

Low compliance means lungs are less elastic; therefore, more effort is required to inflate the lungs.

Common childhood condition involving inflammation of the larynx, trachea, bronchial passages, and sometimes lungs

S&S include resonant barking cough with suffocative, difficult breathing, laryngeal spasms, and sometimes the narrowing of the top of the air passages.

Severe, life-threatening infection of the epiglottis and supraglottic structures that occurs most commonly in children between 2 -12

S&S include fever, dysphagia, inspiratory stridor, and severe respiratory distress.  Intubation or tracheostomy may be required to open the obstructed airway.

acute infectious disease characterized by a cough that has a "whoop" sound; also called whooping cough.

IMmunizations of infants as part of the diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) vacine is effective in the prevention of pertussis

Abnormal breath sound heard on auscultation

A rhonchus is described as a course, rattling noise that resemebles sonring, commonly suggesting secretions in the larger airways.

Measurement of the amount of salt (sodium chloride) in sweat

A sweat test is used almost exclusively in children to confirm cystic fibrosis

Lung treatment using various techniques to deliver medication in mist form directly to the lungs or air passageways.  techniques include nebulizers, metered-dose inhalers (MDIs) and dry powder inhalers (DPIs)

Nebulizers change liquid medicationinto droplets to be inhaled through a mouth-piece.  MDI's deliver a specific amount when activated.  Children and the elderly can use a spacer to synchronize inhalation iwth medication release.

Irrigating or washing out of an organ, stomach, bladder, bowel, or body cavity with a stream of water or other fluid.

Lavage of the paranasal sinuses is usually performed to remove mucopurulent material in an immunosuppressed patient or one with known sinusitis that has failed medical managment.

Anral lavage: irrigationof the antrum (maxillary sinus) in chronic or nonresponsive sinusitis.

ABG: arterial blood gases

AFB: acid-fast bacillus (TB organism)

AP: anteroposterior

ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome

CO2: carbon dioxide

COPD: Chronic Obstructive PUlmonary Diseasee

CPAP: continuous positive airway pressure

CPR: cardiopulmonary resuscitation

CT: Computed tomography

CXR: Chest x-ray, chest radiograph

DPI: dry power inhaler

DPT: disphtheria, pertussis, tetanus

EEG: encephalogram, encephalography

FVC: forced vital capacity

Hb, Hgb: Hemoglobin

HMD: Hyaline membrane disease

Hx: history

IPPB: intermittent positive-pressure breathing

IRDS: infant respiratory distress syndrome

MDI: metered dose inhaler

MRI: magnetic resonance imaging

NMT: nebulized mist treatment

O2: Oxygen

PA: posteroanterior, pernicious anemia

Pco2: partial pressure of carbon dioxide

PCP: pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, primary care pyshician; phencyclidine (hallucinogen)

PFT: pulmonary function test

pH: symbol for degree of acidity or alkalinity

PND: paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

PO2: partial pressure of oxygen

RD: respiratory distress

RDS: respiratory distress syndrome

SOB: shortness of breath

T&A: tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy

TB: tuberculosis

TPR: temperature, pulse, and respiration

URI: upper respiratory infection

VC: vital capacity