Three type of meninges

1)Dura mater:outermost layer of tough, white fibrous connective tissue, and contain many blood vessel and nerves

2)arachnoi mater:thin, netlike membrane that lack blood vessel

3)pia mater: very thin, contain may blood vessel and nerves

-located between arachnoid and pia matter

-It contain clear, cerebrospinal fluis

1. cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum)
2. diencephalon(thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus)
3. brain stem(midbrain, pons,medulla)
4. cerebellum

hemispheres are connected by a bridge of nerve fibers

separated by a layer of dura mater

gygi

Sulci

fissure

the surface of cerebrum has numerous ridges or convolutions____, which are separated by shallow grooves_____ and deep groove _____

longitudinal fissure separate the cerebral hemispheres

transverse fissure separated cerebellum

Deep within cerebral hemispheres are several mass of gray matter called____

Most of the inhibitory neurotransmitter dopamine is produced in ______. The impulse from these areas inhibit motor function and aid in the control of various skeletal activities.

1. frontal lobes:anterior of each cerebral hemispheres
2. parietal lobes:posterior to the frontal lobe
3. temporal lobe:below the frontal lobe
4. occipital lobe:form posterior of each cerebral hemisphere

thin outer layer of gray matter that cover the convolutions and dips into the sulci and fissure. It contains 75% of neuron cell bodies in the nervous system.

Beneath the cerebral cortex are masses of white matter

1. motor area : control voluntary motor function
2. sensory area:provide for conscious awareness
3. association area:intergrate diverse information purposeful action

Broca's area

it's function

is anterior to the primary motor cortex

it coordinate the complex muscular action of the mouth, tongue, and larynx that make speech possible

frontal or eye field

it's function

above the broca's area

control the voluntary movement of the eyes and eyelids

premotor cortex

its funtion

a region in front of broca's area

control the muscular movement of the hands and fingers that make skills such as writing, typing, and playing an instrument possible

sensory area occur several lobes of the cerebrum and function in interpreting various sensory receptor which give rise to feeling and sensation.

skin--parietal lobes

vision--occipital lobes

hearing--temporal lobes

taste--parietal lobes

smell--temporal lobes

function in analysis and interpretation of sensory experience and are involed with memory, reasoning , verbalizing, jugement emotion feeling.

concerns with higer intellectual processes and judging possible consequences of behavior

general interpretative area

(Wernicke's area)

where partial, temporal, occipital association area come together

Play an important role in complex thought process such as writing, speech, mathematic computation, understading partial relationships

within the cerebral hemisphere and brain stem is a series of interconnected cavities called______

These spaces are continuous with central canal of spinal cord and are filled with cerebrospinal fluid

lateral ventricle

(first and second)

largest ventricle

extend into cerebral hemisphere and occupy portion of frontal, temporal, and occipital lobes

it separated by a membrane call septum pellucidum

is located in the brain stem just in front of the cerebellum

it connect to the third ventricle by a narrow canal

Cerebral aqueduct

(aqueduct of sylvius)

choroid plexuses

its function

Tiny cauliflowerlike masses of specialized capillaries___

from pia mater secrete cerebrospinal fluid and project into the cavities of the ventricles.

• support and protect brain and spinal cord

• aid in maintaining a stable ionic cencentration in the CNS

• provide pathway to the bloof for waste substances

thalamus

it functions

is superior to the midbrain and between the cerebral hemisphere

It surround the third ventricle, and is composed largely of gray matter and serve as a relay station for all sensory impulse, except smell, to the ascending cerebral sensory cortex

hypothalamus

function

inferior to the thalamus. It control the ANS, and connect the nervous and endocrine system

regulate heart rate and blood pressure

regulate body temperature

regulate water and electrolyte balance

control hunger and regulates body weight

control movement and grandular secretion

regulate sleep and wakefulness

the midbrain include several masses of gray matter and corpora quadrigemina that serve as reflex center

visual reflex centers: responsible for moving the eyes to view somthing as the head is turned. They are  located in the superior colliculi

auditory reflex centers: operate when it is necessary to move the head so that sounds can be heard. they located in the inferior colliculi

two prominent bundles of nerve underside oh the midbrain include the corticospinal tract which are the main motor pathways between the cerebrum and lower parts of nervous system

is a round bulge on the underside of the brain stem, where it is separated the midbrain from the medulla oblongata

dorsal portion is longitudinal nerve fiber

ventral portion is transverse nerve fiber

cerebellum

"small brain"

its composition and function

a large mass of tissue located below the occipital lobes of cerebrum and posterior of the pons and medulla oblongata

it composed primarily of white matter called arbor vitae or "tree of life" with a thin layer of gray matter, the cerebellar cortex on its surface

it receives proprioceptive information from spinal cord and monitors proper visual, tactile, balance, and auditory sensations received from the brain

1. inferior peduncles
2. middle peduncles
3. superior peduncles

After integrating and analyzing this information, impulses are sent by way of the ___________ to the midbrain.

 spinal cord

its function

nerve column that extend from the brain into the vertebral canal. It serves as a two-way impulse-conducting pathway and reflex center and it is protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid

The spinal cord is continuous with the brain and begins where nerve tissue leaves the cranial cavity, at the level of the foramen magnum and tapers to a point and terminates near the intervertebral disc that separates the first and second lumbar vertebrate.

Spinal cord is composed of thirty one spinal nerve roots

Posterior , lateral, anterior horns of gray matter contain

uper and lower wings of gray matter are called posterior and anterior horns

Between them there there is a protrusion of gray matter called lateral horns

• The anterior horns contain somatic motor neurons
• the lateral horns contain autonomic motor neurons
• the posterior horns contain interneurons which are somatic and visceral sensory

Aterior, lateral, and posterior funiculi Each funiculus consists of longitudinal bundles of myelinated nerve fibers, which comprise major nerve pathways, which are the ascending and descending nerve tracts.

• To conduct nerve impulses.
• To serve as a center for spinal reflexes (stretch reflex and withdrawal reflex of skeletal muscles, tendon reflex (monitors tension during muscle contraction)).
• it provides a two-way system of communication between the brain and parts outside the nervous system.

the tracts that conduct impulse from the body and carry sensory information to the brain

Ex spinothalamic(pain, touch, temperature),

spicerebellar tracts(muscle, tendon proprioception)

tract that conduct motor impulse from the brain to the muscle and glands

Ex Corticospinal tract and motor tract

Peripheral nervous system consist

(PNS)

are specialized to respond to stimuli (internal and external change) . Most _____consist of modified dendrites of sensory neurons.

EX pain, touch, pressur, temperature of the skin

are complex structure consisting of sensory receptors and other cells that serve a specific response.

Ex hearing, equilibrium, smell, and taste