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Definition
| Patients with damage to the hippocampal formation so both retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia |
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Can't form new memories
An inability to learn new things |
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| Forgetting results both from decay in trace strength and interference from other memories. |
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Explicit memory. Stored, reportable, conscious knowledge and facts.
Explicit memory system that includes episodic and semantic memory
Supported by the hippocampus |
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| Deese-Roediger-McDermott Paradigm |
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Definition
Hippocampus responds to false memories as strongly as true ones, failing to discriminate between what was true and what was imagined.
Neural basis of false memories - False associated items are difficult to reject
Lists of relevant and irrelevant word and fMRI. -
Para-hippocampal gyrus on the other hand more sensory based, does not respond to false mems. |
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Definition
Situations in which different tests of memory show different results
Important in arguing for different memory systems |
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| Encoding-Specificity Principle |
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Definition
People show better word memory if the words are tested in the context of the same words with which they were studied.
Probablity of recalling an item depends on the similarity of it's encoding context at test with it's encoding context at study. |
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Definition
Knowledge that we can consciously recall
Implicit versus explicit memory in normal participants: New explicit memories are built in hippocampal regions, but old knowledge can be implicitly primed in cortical structures. |
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The increase in reaction time related to an increase in the number of facts associated with a concept
In networks of facts -The more facts associated with the concept, the slower's retrieval of any one of the fax. |
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Eyewitness testimony and the false-memory controversy: serious errors of memory can occur because people fail to separate what they actually experienced from what they inferred, imagined, or were told.
False memories and the brain: the hippocampus responds to false memories with as high activation as it responds to true memories and so fails to discriminate between what was experienced and what was imagined.
Loftus and Pickerall (1995) |
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Term
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Definition
Knowledge that we cannot consciously recall but that nonetheless manifests itself in our improved performance on some task
Implicit versus explicit memory: Amnesic patients often cannot consciously recall a particular event but will show in implicit ways that they have some memory for the event.
Implicit versus explicit memory in normal participants: New explicit memories are built in hippocampal regions, but old knowledge can be implicitly primed in cortical structures. |
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Definition
How interference affects memory: learning additional associations to an item can cause old ones to be forgotten.
The interfering effect of pre-existing memories: Material learned in the laboratory can interfere with material learned outside of the laboratory. |
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| Amnesia due to chronic alcoholism. |
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Definition
| The fact that it is easier to remember happy memories when one is in a happy state and sad memories when one is in a sad state |
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| An enhancement of the processing of a stimulus as a function of prior exposure |
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Definition
Procedural memory: Procedural learning is another type of implicit learning and is supported by the basal ganglia.
The Sugar Factory task (Berry and Broadbent, 1984)
Subjects can develop effective procedures for performing tasks without any ability to explain what they are doing. |
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Definition
| Loss of memories for events that occurred before an injury |
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| People find it easier to recall information if they can return to the same emotional and physical state they were in when they learned the information. |
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| The effects of encoding context: People show better memory if their external context and their internal states are the same at the time of study and the time of the test. |
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Definition
The strength of a memory trace decays as a power function of the retention interval.
Neural correlate of forgetting.
Performance systematically deteriorates with delay
Negative acceleration - Rate of change gets smaller and smaller with delay
Power law of forgetting |
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Term
| What's a study that looked at the retention function? |
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Definition
Participants were tested on memory of spanish studied in a certain number of course varying lengths of time in the past.
Negative acceleration in retention function (Bahrick, 1984) |
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Term
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Definition
It is harder to learn additional associations to a stimulus.
It is harder to retain old associations to a stimulus if new ones are learned.
Forgetting results from both decay in trace strength and from interference from other memories. |
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Term
| Interference and Redundancy |
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Definition
Learning redundant material does not interfere with a target memory and may even facilitate the target memory.
Bradshaw and Anderson (1982) |
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Term
| Retrieval and Interference |
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Definition
Interference can lead to incorrect recall
(Fish swimming under turtles)
In trying to remember material, people will use what they can remember to infer what else they might have studied.
People will often judge what plausibly might be true rather than try to retrieve exact facts.
(Plausible retrieval) |
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Term
| Elaborative process affect on implicit memories? |
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Definition
| Facilitates explicit memories but not implicit memories |
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Term
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Definition
| Implicit memory system that includes procedural skills, priming, conditioning, habituation, and sensitization |
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