Term
What are:
1. retina
2. cornea
3. iris
4. pupil
5. lens
6. optic nerve
7. blind spot |
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Definition
1. lines the rear of the eye. Where rods and cones are
2. lines the front of the eye
3. right behind the cornea, colored
4. hole in iris through which light passes
5. behind pupil; focuses light onto retina
6. neurons that leave the eye
7. hole in retina, without rods or cons, from where the optic nerve exits |
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Term
What is the difference between rod vision and cone vision?
How do neurons from sets of each differ? |
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Definition
Rod vision: high sensitivity to light, black and white. Uses rhodopsin as its photochemical; breaks down in light and hence inactivates rods
Cone vision: high acuity, in color
Cones have neurons paired 1:1 with each cone photoreceptor (increases acuity), while rods funnel signals from many rods into single nerves (increases sensitivity but decreases acuity) |
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Term
| What is the difference between subtractive color mixing and additive color mixing? |
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Definition
| subtracting involves mixing pigments, while additive involves mixing light |
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Term
What are:
1. the three primaries law (related to mixing colors)
2. The law of complementarity
3. Saturation |
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Definition
1.Using three colors, one from each part of the spectrum, all other colors can be formed
2. By adding certain pairs of complementary wavelengths, white can be created
3. the degree to which a hue is the product of a single color (white is completely unsaturated, a pure color would be completely saturated) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
What are:
1. the trichromatic theory and a flaw?
2. The Opponent Process theory? |
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Definition
1. a theory proposed by Young and Helmoltz-color vision derives from three different receptors, each specific to a range of wavelengths. Cannot explain how colorblind people that lack one of the receptors can see most colors, or negative images (opposite american flag colors=>normal flag)
2. A certain perceived color is caused by that color's neuron being stimulated and the opposite neuron's being inhibited, and vice versa |
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Term
What are:
1. feature detectors
2. Anne Treisman's feature integration theory |
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Definition
1. neurons specific to any certain feature
2.parts of an image are perceived individually, then integrated into the whole. Detection of features is simultaneous (parallel processing), while integration is sequential (serial processing) |
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Term
| What is Gestalt Psychology, and what are some of it's rules for grouping? |
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Definition
Things are seen as whole; something new emerges from the sum of the parts.
rules of goruping-proximity, similarity, good continuation (we can tell the difference between two overlapping strings), common movement, good form (shapes that look normal perceived as one object, abnormal ones as multiple). Also, figure versus ground-we tend to think of that which circumscribes as being the ground, and what is circumscribed as the figure |
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Term
| What is the difference between top-down and bottom-up control? |
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Definition
Top-down: brain affects perception; unconscious inference
Bottom-up: control directly from senses |
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Term
| What did Ungerleider and Mishkin determine about visual neural paths? What conditions are associated damage to the paths? |
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Definition
the primary visual area leads either to the temporal (identifies objects-"what" path) or the parietal (maps objects and locates-"where and how" path)
visual agnosia: affects the "what" path-can see but can't identify objects
visual form agnosia-can see some elements of an object, but can't identify the shape
visual object agnosia-can identify and draw shape, but can't identify object |
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Term
| What did Biederman determine about how we recognize objects? |
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Definition
| We break 3-D objects up into basic components (geons), and analyze various groups |
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Term
| What did Helmholtz determine about depth perception? |
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Definition
| There is nothing inherent in the image we see that determines depth; we do so by visual cues |
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Term
What are
1. binocular disparity
2. various monocular |
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Definition
1. difference in view of surroundings for each eye=>depth perception. If similar, then far away, if different, close
2. motion parallex-change in view when head moves sideways
.occlusion-one object masks another=>depth
.relative-to-normal
.linear perspective (converging lines)
.texture gradient (decrease in size and spacing of texture=>more distant)
.position relative to horizon
.differential lighting |
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Term
What accounts for:
Ponzo Illusion: /__\
/ __ \
/ \
Muller-Lyer Illusion:
\ / / \
------- -------
/ \ \ / |
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Definition
| Depth processing theory (Gregory): perceptual cues resemble other depth cues and thus have different perceived sizes |
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