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| The totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism. |
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| A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule (anabolic pathway) or breaks down a complex molecule to simpler molecules (catabolic pathway). |
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| A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler molecules. |
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| A metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler molecules. |
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| (1) The overall flow and transformation of energy in an organism. (2) The study of how energy flows through organisms. |
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| The capacity to cause change, especially to do work (to move matter against an opposing force). |
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| The energy associated with the relative motion of objects. Moving matter can perform work by imparting motion to other matter. |
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| The total amount of kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms or molecules in a body of matter; also called thermal energy. It is energy in its most random form. |
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| The energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or spatial arrangement (structure). |
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| Energy available in molecules for release in a chemical reaction; a form of potential energy. |
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| The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter. |
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| first law of thermodynamics |
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| The principle of conservation of energy: Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. |
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| A measure of disorder, or randomness. |
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| second law of thermodynamics |
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| The principle stating that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. Usable forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat. |
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| A process that occurs without an overall input of energy; a process that is energetically favorable. |
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| The portion of a biological system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system. The change in free energy of a system (ΔG) is calculated by the equation ΔG=ΔH-TΔS, where ΔH is the change in enthalpy (in biological systems, equivalent to total energy), T is the absolute temperature, and ΔS is the change in entropy. |
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| A spontaneous chemical reaction, in which there is a net release of free energy. |
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| A nonspontaneous chemical reaction, in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings. |
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| In cellular metabolism, the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction. |
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| ATP (adenosine triphosphate) |
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| An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells. |
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| phosphorylated intermediate |
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| A molecule (often a reactant) with a phosphate group covalently bound to it, making it more reactive (less stable) than the unphosphorylated molecule. |
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| A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Most enzymes are proteins. |
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