The United States

They have become weak because laws have taken away much of their power

Parties are strong in some places and non-existent in others.

The name and party are printed together.

A party is a label, organization, and set of leaders

all areas of the party have become weaker.

By parties

We have most decisions in the states

When were political parties created?

When did the two party-system emerge?

When were organization and appeal formed?

When was the party reform?

Founding-1820's

Jacksonian

Civil War-1930's

1900's chiefly the New Deal

1824

Political participation became massive

Caucus system allowed Congress some controll over who was to be president.  This was discredited and in place put the party convention.

Modern Republicans-supported the union, usually won the Presidency and Senate; lost the house.

William JEnnings Bryan also strengthened this party.

Most states became single party

Party regulars="the stalwarts"

Mugwamps or progressives-Republican party faction of the 1890's to the 1910's, composed of reformers who opposed partonage.

The Era of Reform

Party Realignments

5

Critical or realignment period

Periods when a major, lasting shift occurs in the popular coalition supporting one or both parties.

*=clearest realignment

1800-Jeffersonian Republicans defeated the Federalists.

1828-Jacksonian Democrats came to power

*1860-Whig Party collapsed and Republicans under Lincoln came to power.

*1896-When the Republicans defeated William Jennings Bryan

*1932-Democrats under Roosevelt came to office.

Two kinds of realignment

-When a major party is defeated and disappears

-When voters shift parties

PArty Decline

Are there more split-ticketing voters now?

Yes, it was unheard of in the 19th century.  Split ticketing-Voting for candidates of different parties for various offices in the same election.

Straight-ticket-Voting for candidates who are all of the same party.

Otherwise known as the Massachusetts

A ballot listing all candidates of a given office under te name of that office.

Indiana

A ballot listing all candidates of a given party together under the name of that party.

local political machines have died

Republicans have become more bereaucratized

Democrats have become more...

Political machine

The Hatch Act of 1939

A party organization that recruits members by dispensing patronage "values are the winning concept"

Illegal for federal service employees to take an active part in political management or campaigns. They were allowed to vote and contribute money to campaigns

Turnout was huge

Voters became educated

A party that values principled stands on issues above all else

"most firm are the independent parties with this"

Minor parties

Ideological parties

One-Issue parties

Parties professing a comprehensive view of American society and government that is radically different from that of the established parties.

No ideological party has ever carried a state in a Presidential election

Parties seeking a single policy usually revealed by their names, and avoiding other issues.

Size, Presidential elections are bigger

They are also more competative 

Getting "mentioned"

Money

Organization

Strategy and Themes 

Money

How much can a single individual give per election?

What is a Political action committee (PAC) 

up to $2,000

A committee set up by a corporation, labor union, or interest group that raises and spends campaign money from voluntary donations. 

What must incumbents do?

and what four "t"s are essential 

Incumbents must defend their records

tone-theme-timing-target 

1. Establishing the total size of the House (435 members)

2. Allocating seats in the House among the States

3. Determining the size of congressional districts within states

4. Determining the shape of those districts. 

PRimary versus General Campaigns

Qualifications 

Representative- 25years old, 7year citizen, inhabitant of state

Senator-30 years old- 9 year citizen - inhabitant of state elected from 

Position issues-An issue about which the public is divided and rival candidates or political parties adopt different policy positions.

Valence issue-An issue about which the public is united and rival candidates or political parties adopt similar positions in hopes that each will be thought to best represent those widely shared beliefs. 

What are short television ads called?

What is campaign activity on broadcast called? 

spots

a visual 

General election

Primary election 

An election held to choose which candidate will hold office.

An election held to choose candidates for office 

Closed primary

Open Primary

Blanket Primary

Run off 

A primary election in which voting is limited to already registered party members

A primary in which voters may choose in which party to vote as they enter the polling place

A primary election in which each voter may vote for candidates from both parties

A second primary election held when no candidate wins a majority of the votes in the first primary-Common in the South 

Presidential= private donors and government

Congressional=private sources

must raise $5,000 from individuals each donating no more than 250 in at least 20 states to prove serious candidates 

Republicans carry which states?

Minor parties must carry how much of the vote to recieve federal funds? 

Red

5% 

Independent expenditures

soft-money 

Spending by political action committees, corporations, or labor unions that is done to help a party or condidate but is done independently of them.

Funds obtained by political parties that are spent on party activities, such as get-out-the-vote drives, but not on behalf of a specific candidate. 

banned softmoney

limited individuals to 2000 dollars

independent expenidtures restricted

Bush v. Gore 5:4 decision

New sources of money=527 organization-organizations that, under section 527 of the Internal revenue Code, raise and spend money to advance political causes 

peacetime-political party affiliation- the state of the economy-character of the candidates

Pcketbook vote=good economy votes for the party in White house 

Prospective voting

Retrospective voting 

Voting for a candidate because you favor his or her ideas for handling issues

Voting for a candidate because you like his or her past actions in office-economically.