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Chapter I Terms
Vocabulary on Chaper I of Elementary Statistics
37
Mathematics
Undergraduate 1
10/19/2010

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Term
Statistics
Definition
The science of conducting studies to collect, organize, summarize, analyze, and draw conclusions from data.
Term
Variable
Definition
A characteristic or attribute that can assume different values.
Term
Descriptive Statistics
Definition
Consists of the collection, organization, summarization, and presentation of data.
Term
Inferential Statistics
Definition
Generalizing from samples to populations, performing estimations and hypothesis tests, determining relationships among variables, and making predictions.
Term
Population
Definition
All subjects (human or otherwise) that are being studied.
Term
Sample
Definition
A group of subjects selected from a population.
Term
Discrete variables
Definition
Values that can be counted.
Term
Continuous Variables
Definition
Can assume an infinite number of values between any two specific values. They are obtained by measuring. They often include fractions and decimals.
Term
Nominal Level of Measurement
Definition
Classifies data into mutually exclusive (nonoverlapping), exhausting categories in which no order or ranking can be imposed on the data.
Term
Ordinal Level of Measurement
Definition
Classifies data into categories that can be ranked; however, precise differences between the ranks do not exist.
Term
Interval Level of Measurement
Definition
Ranks data and precise differences between units of measure do exist; however, there is no meaningful zero.
Term
Ratio Level of Measurement
Definition
All of the characteristics of interval measurement, and there exists a true zero. In addition, true ratios exist when the same variable is measured on two different members of the population.
Term
Observational Study
Definition
The researcher merely observes what is happening or what has happened in the past and tries to draw conclusions based on these observations.
Term
Experimental Study
Definition
The researcher manipulates one of the variables and tries to determine how the manipulation influences other variables.
Term

Independent Variable

or

Explanatory Variable

Definition

The variable in an experimental study that is the one thing being manipulated by the researcher.

 

Term
Confounding Variable
Definition
A variable that influences the dependent or outcome variable but was not separated from the independent variable.
Term
Sampling Method: Random
Definition
Subjects are selected by random numbers.
Term

Sampling Method: Systematic

Definition
Subjects are selected by using every kth number after the first subject is randomly selected from 1 through k.
Term

Sampling Method: Stratified

Definition
Subjects are selected by dividing up the population into groups (strata), and subjects are randomly selected within groups.
Term

Sampling Method: Cluster

Definition
Subjects are selected by using an intact group that is representative of the population.
Term
Data
Definition
Values (measurements or observations) that variables can assume.
Term
Random Variables
Definition
Variable whose value are determined by chance.
Term
Data set
Definition

A collection of data values.

 

Each value is called a "data value" or "datum".

Term
Probability
Definition
The chance of an event occuring.
Term
Hypothesis Testing
Definition
An area of inferential statistics that is a decision-making process for evaluating claims about a population based on information obtained from samples.
Term
Qualitative variables
Definition
Variables that can be placed into distinct categories, according to some characteristic or attribute.
Term
Quantitative variable
Definition
Numerical variables that can be ordered or ranked.
Term
Measurement scales
Definition
How variables are categorized, counted, or measured. These can either be: nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio.
Term
Random Samples
Definition
Samples selected by using chance methods or random numbers.
Term
Systematic Samples
Definition
Samples obtains by numbering each subject of the population and then selecting the kth subject.
Term
Stratified Samples
Definition
Samples obtained by dividing the population into groups (strata) according to some characteristic that is important to the study, then sampling from each group.
Term
Cluster Samples
Definition
Samples obtained by dividing the population into groups called clusters by some means (i.e. geographical location). Then the researcher randomly selects some of these clusters and uses all members of these clusters as the subjects of the samples.
Term
Convenience Sample
Definition
Samples obtained through convenience. (The subjects just happened to be there at the time, i.e. a survey).
Term
Quasi-experimental study
Definition
Using already pre-made groups for an experiment.
Term
Treatment group
Definition

The group that received special instruction.

 

Opposite: Control group

Term
Control Group
Definition

The group that does not receive special instruction/treatment.

 

Opposite: Treatment group

Term
Hawthorne Effect
Definition
When one is aware that they are part of an experiment. This effects results.
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