Anatomy

-Describes the structure of the body

- What they are made of and where they are located.

- Associated structure

Physiology

- The study of the function.

- Indivual and copperative function.

Gross Anatomy

or

Macroscopic Anatomy

- Examines large visible structures.

Surface Anatomy

- Exterior Features

Regional Anatomy

- Body area

Systemic Anatomy

- Groups of organs working together.

Developmental Anatomy

- From conception to death

Clinical anatomy

- Medical Specialties

Cytology

- Study of cells & their structures

Histology

- study of tissues & their structures.

Cell Physiology

- Processes within & between cells

Organ Physiology

- Functions of a specific organ.

Pathological Physiology

- Effects of disease on an organ or system.

Levels of Organization

1.Chemical ( Molecular)         5. Organism    

2.Tissue Level

3.Organ                              

4. Organ system

What are the 11 organ systems?

1. Integumentary             8. Cardiovascular

2. skeletal                      9. Lymphoid

3. Muscular                     10.Respiratory

4. Nervous                      11. Reproductive

5. Digestive

6. Urinary

7.Endocrine

What 7 chemicals make

 up 98% of

the human body?

1. Carbon           4. Oxygen        7. Calcium

2. Hydrogen        5. Phosphuros

3. Nitrogen         6. Sulfur

Intrinsic Regulation

- Cell, tissue, organ, or

system controls or adjust

activities automatically.

Extrinsic Regulation

- Nervous & endocrine systems

controls or adjust other body system.

External Stressors

- Extreme temperatures

- Hypoxia ( lack of oxy)

- Loud noise

- Smells

- Skin contact

Internal Stressors

- Low blood glucose

- Low Blood pH

- Psychological Stress

- Poisoning

- Infection

What are the three basic components of a

feedback system?

( Short Answer)

- Receptor- Recieves information

- Control center- Interpets information

- Effector- Responds to info.

- Negative feedbacks: Change in blood pressure or blood pH.

Negative Feedback

- Reverses a change in a

controlled condition, returns body

back to normal or set point.

Matter

- anything that has weight

& occupies space.

What is a chemical

element?

- a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.

- 112 elements have been indentified, designated by a letter or two.

What are the 6 keys

elements that make of

the human body?

1. Carbon          2. Hydrogen            3. Nitrogen

4. Oxygen          5. Phosphorus            6. Sulfur

- 26 key elements make up the human body

What is an atom?

- Smallest unit of matter.

-Consist of subatomic particles.

What are the charges of

protons, neutrons, 

& electrons?

- Protons- positive

- Neutrons- neutral, no charge

- electrons- negative

Free Radicals

- Highly reactive atoms that have unpaired electrons.

Antioxidants

- Combat free radicals

- Vitamins C, E, & Beta keratin

 What are Ionic, Covalent, & Hydrogen bonds?

( 2nd short answer ?)

- Ionic-Formed from the force of attraction between ions of an opposite charge

- Covalent- atoms sharing one or more valence electron.

     *equal sharing- nonpolar

     * Unequal- polar

-Hydrogen- atoms with a partial positive charge attracts neighboring atoms with a partial negative charge.

What is energy?

- The capacity to do work

What is kinetic energy?

- Work in motion

What is potential

Energy?

- Stored up energy

What is the law of

conservation?

- Energy cannot be created or

destroyed only converted

from one form

to another.

What are inorganic

compounds?

- don't contain carbon.

What is the most important inorganic compound

in the world?

- Water

Hydrophilic

- Water loving substances

w/polar covalent bonds.

- Sugars and Salts

Hydrophobic

- Water fearing substances w/non

polar covalent bonds.

- animal fats & oils

Acid

- Dissolves in water &

releases hydrogen ions. H+

Bases

- Dissolves in water &

releases nydrogen ions. OH-

Salts

- Dissolves in water &

 release other ions.

- cation (+)       - Anions (-)

Acid-base balance Range

- Ranges from 1 (very acidic) to

7 (neutral) to

14 (very basic)

- Stomach acid=1, Human saliva=7, Drain cleaner=14

Organic Compound

- Contains carbon, hydrogen,

 & most cases oxygen.

What are the big 5

organic compounds?

( Essay ? 3)

1. Carbs.- Primarily sugars.

2. Lipids- Fats

3. Proteins- Made of amino acids. Combine to form peptide bond.

4. Nucleic acid- made of nucleotides, DNA, RNA.

5. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)- Energy Currency of the body.

What are the most abundant

lipids in the body?

- Triglycerides

- Phospholipids

- Steriods

What is the difference

 between Saturated and unsaturated fats?

- Saturated fats are solid at room temp.

- Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temp.

What is the primary

structure of organization

in proteins?

- Genetically determined linear

 polypeptide chain of amino acids.

What is the secondary structure

of organization of proteins?

- Twisting or folding of adjacent amino acids.

- alpha helix or double pleated sheet.

What is the tertiary structure of organization for proteins?

 - Three dimensional shape

of amino acid chains.

What is the quaternary

structure of organization for proteins?

- Combination of two or

more amino acid chains.

Enzyme

- Protein that functions

as a catalyst.

What is the plasma

membrane lipid bilayer made of?

- Phospholipids- 75%, amphipathic- polar hydrophilic head 7 nonpolar hydrophobic tail.

- Cholestrol- 20%

- Glycolipids- 5%

Integral Proteins

- Go into & through the lipid bilayer. Glycol proteins.

Peripheral Proteins

- Loosely attached to the inside & outside of the membrane.

- Does not go through the lipid bilayer.

What are the 6

channels?

( EC essay ?)

1. Ion channel- allow passage of specific molecules into & out of a cell.

2. Trasnporters- Move substances from one side of the membrane to the other side by changing shape.

3. receptors- recognizes & bonds a specific molecule called a ligand(neurotransmitter)

4. Cell idenity marker- Important for blood type markers.

5. Linker- Important for stability & shape.

6. Enzymes- Catalysts for a chemical reaction.

Plasma membrane has selective permeability (no back)

Passive

- No energy needed

Osmosi & facilitated diffusion are passive?

- True

Active diffusion requires energy(ATP) true or false?

- True

Principles of diffusion

- Passive- A net movement down a concentration gradient.

- Depends on molecule size, mass, charge, temp. distance traveled, and concentration gradient.

Diffusion through

membrane lipid bilayer

- Ion specific channels in the

plasma membrane may

be opened or gated.

Osmosis

- Passive- Movement of water across a selectively pereable membrane.

- water moves from an area of high water(low solute) concentration to an area of low water(high solute) concentartion until it reaches equilibrium.

Tonicity

- A measure of the solutions

ability to change the

volume of cells by

altering their water content.

Isotonic Solution

- Contains the same solute

concentration as the cell.

- The cell keeps it's shape.

Hypertonic Solution

- Contains more solute than the cell.

- the cell will shrink (crenation)

Faciliated Diffussion

(Passive)

-  Sunstance binds to carrier integral.

- Carrier protein changes shape & releases the substance on the other side.

- Follows Concentration gradient

Primary active

transport

- Pumps ions against their

concentation gradient.

- Ex. sodium/ Potassium pump

Antiporters

- One subsatance going in & one going out.

Symporters

- Both substances

going in or out.

3 types Endocytosis

- Phagocytosis- Cell eating

- Pinocytosis- Cell drinking

Exocytosis

- Process that takes substances

out of the cell. (secretion)

Cytosol

- Intracellular fluid, mostly

water w/ions, nutrients, ATP, &

wastes that allow diffusion of substances throughout the cell.

Cytoskeleton

- Functions as the structual

frame work for the cell.

What are the 3

types of filament?

1. Microfilament- made of protein called actin.

2. Intermediate- Anchors organelles.

3. Microtubules- made of protein called tubulin.

Centrosome

- Critical for cell division.

Cilia

- Functions in propelling fluid

 over surface of cell.

Flagella

- Functions in moving

the entire cell.

Ribosomes

-Site of protein syntheis.

Rough Endoplasmic

Reticulum

- Has attached ribosomes.

- Synthesis phospholipids.

Smooth Endoplasmic

Reticulum

- Has no attached ribosomes

- synthesis steriods & lipids.

- Detoxifies substances.

Golgi Complex

- Processes & packages proteins

produced by the rough ER. 

Lyosomes

- Contains numerous

digestive enzymes.

Nucleus

- Control center.

- Contains DNA.

Nucleolus

- Site of ribosome assembly.