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| The scientific study of human society and social interations. |
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| Data found from the senses. |
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| The ability to see the relationship between the individual and the society. |
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| Using sociological tools and applying them to solve an issue or problem in a society. |
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| Coined the term sociology, first to suggest that the scientific method could be applied to sociology. |
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| She translated Comte's work. She stuidied English and American society. |
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| Coined the term "Survival of the Fittest". He applied social darwinism to the scientific method/society. He was the first functionalist. |
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| Individuals were exclusivly the product of their enviornment. Suicide study. |
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| Took sociology a step further to discuss people's thought process related to things such as suicide. he studied buerocracys, and a value free society. |
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| Believed that society will always have a stuggle between the rich and the poor. Communism. |
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| Founder of the AACP. Studied poverty issues/slavery and race. First black person to get a PHD from Harvard. |
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| Looked at a small group then took that and compared it to a large group of people then compared them. |
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| Founded the hull houses. They were a shelter that provided resources for people of all groups. |
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| Black feminist. Stuided what it meant to be a black female in the U.S. |
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| He notted different ways in which people achive sucess in life. |
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| Large scale phenomena/large civilizations. |
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The way in which the parts of a society are structured to maintain it's stability.
(Living organism) |
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| There are 3 views in society. |
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| Functionalist, conflict, and interactionist. |
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| Manifest vs. Latent Functions |
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| Manifest are institutions with open, stated, and clear/conscious functions. Latent are the opposite. |
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| View that the social world is made up of continuous struggle between competing groups. |
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| Interactionalist Perspective |
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| Everyday forms of human interaction. |
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| A systematic series of steps that ensures maximum objectivity in researching a problem. |
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| What are the 5 parts of the scientific method? |
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1-Define the problem.
2-Review the literature.
3-Formulate a hypothesis.
4-select a research design.
5-Develop a conclusion. |
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| Explain: Step 1 of the scientific method. (Defining the problem). |
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| Figuring out what is needed to be researched or explored. Narrow down broad topics to specific things that need to be researched. |
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| Explain: Step 2 of the scientific method. (Reviewing the literature). |
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| Review journal articles that relate to what you are trying to figure out and see what has already been done on the subject. |
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| Explain: Step 3 of the scientific method. (Formulate a hypothesis). |
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| Find a hypothesis, define the variables (independent and dependent), and operationalize the terms. |
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| Explain: Step 4 of the scientific method. (Selecting a research design & collect/analyze data). |
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| The different kinds of research are survey research, experimental research, questionnaires, interview, quantative and qualitative research, observation, and ethnography. Know content analysis, and measures of central tendencies. |
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| Explain: Step 5 of the scientific method. (Developing a conclusion). |
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| Did it meet the hypothesis? Write it up, and report to a scientists, or a scientific journal. Tell the researcher if there were any problems or any questions/advice that you have about the research. |
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| A statement about the relationship between two or more variables. |
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| A measurable trait that is subject to change (or vary) under different conditions. |
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| Independent vs. Dependent Variables |
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| Dependent variables (x) is the variable that influences another variable. Dependent variables (y) is the variable that is subject to change based on the influence of the independent variable. |
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| To define the words in your problem and how they relate to your hypothesis. |
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| A study in the form of an interview or questionnaire that provides info. on how people think or feel about something. |
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| An artificially created situation that allows a researched to manipulate variables. Not often used in sociology. |
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| A face-to-face, telephone, or online questioning of a respondent to obtain desired information. |
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| Qualative vs. Quantative Research |
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| Qualative is research that relies on what is seen, observation. Quantative research is research that is data, primarily in numerical form. |
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| A researcher joins a group in order to understand how it functions. |
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| Research technique in which an investigator collects info. through direct participation. |
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| Study an entire social setting through extended systematic observation. (Jane Goodall.) |
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| Secondary Analysis of existing Sources |
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| Research techniques that are made up of previously collected and publicly accessible data. |
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| Systematic coding and objective recording of data. (Artifacts) |
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| A selection from a larger population that is statistically representative of that population. |
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| Measures of central tendencies |
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| Mean Median and mode. Mean is the average. Median is the # that divides values into groups of equal values. Mode is the most common value. |
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| A sample where every member of the population has the same chance of being selected. (Equal opportunity) |
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| Degree to which a measure truly reflects the phenomena under study. (Did you study what you intended to study) |
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| The extent to which a measure produces consistent results. (Will I get the same result if I keep repeating) |
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| The feeling or surprise of disorientation that people feel when they encounter cultural practices that are different from their own. |
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| The tendency to assume that one's culture and way of life is superior to others. |
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| The belief that what is foreign is best. |
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| The view of people's behavior from the perspective of their culture. |
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| The totally learned, socially, transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects and behavior. |
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| A large number of people who live in the same territory, are independent of people outside their area, and practice a common culture. |
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| The physical or technological aspects of our daily lives. |
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| Ways of using material objects, as well as customs, beliefs, philosophies, governments and communications. |
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| Theory that language shaping our interpretation of reality. |
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| A concept of what is considered good. |
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| An established standard of behavior maintained by society. |
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| Values and standards of behavior that people in a society profess to hold. |
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| Values and standards of behavior that people actually follow. |
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| A norm governing everyday behavior whose violation raises little concern. |
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| Norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society. |
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| Governmental social control. |
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| A penalty or reward for conduct concerning a social norm. |
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| A common practice or belief that is found in all cultures. |
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| Process by which a cultural item spreads from society to society. |
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| When a cultural trait from one culture to another is changed or altered to better fit. (I.E. McDonalds) |
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| When you add something or take something away that greatly disrupts society. (Calanders) |
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| When a non-material culture is struggling to adapt to a new material culture. |
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| A small society within a society that has different existing values and culture. (The south in America) |
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| A subculture that deliberately opposes certain actions of a larger culture. |
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| People learn attitudes and behavior in a lifelong process. |
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| Impact of Isolation (Harlow) |
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| Primate studies, identical twin studies, study that there is a need for socialization in human and animals. |
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| Looking-glass Self (Cooley) |
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| Self is the product of our social interactions. Make (generally false) assumptions about other's people's perceptive of ourselves. |
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| Phases of the looking glass self |
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1) Imagine how we present ourselves.
2) Imagine how others evaluate us.
3) Develop feelings about self. |
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| Significant and generalized others |
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| Significant is mom, dad, cousin, family, etc. Generalized others is teachers, coaches, etc. |
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| Role taking (Looking glass self) |
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| The process of mentally assuming the perspective of another and responding from that imagined viewpoint. |
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| Goffman's Projection of Self |
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| Dramatic Approach, face work, impression management. |
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| Altering the self in order to satisfy a particulate audience. (The way you would act at a job interview) |
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| The way institutions help more people from one stage of socialization to another. |
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| 7 Agents of Socialization |
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| Family, school, peer group, media & technology, workplace, & religion. |
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| Validating changes in a persons status. (Bat Mitzvah) |
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| Discarding former patterns of behavior. |
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| The ways in which people respond to one another. |
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| The way in which society is organized into relationships. |
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| A term used by sociologists that refers to a full range of positions. (Daughter, mother, student, roommate, friend, etc) |
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| Achieved Status vs. Ascribed Status |
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| Achieved Status=Employee, student, roommate, friend. Ascribed Status= How old you are, daughter, cousin, female, sister, etc. |
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| Difficulty that arises when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations. (I have to create a lecture an grade papers) |
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| A station that occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social positions held by the same person. (Should I visit brother or grade papers?) |
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