3-Seperate Components of Nucleotides

1. Nitrogen - Containing Base

2. Pentose Sugar

3. Phosphate Group

• All living things are made of cells
• All cells come from one another
• All (my) activity come from the collective activity of all (my) cells maintaining homeostaces

As objects get smaller, surface area to volume ratio gets bigger

Allows more fine detail in multicellular things-- differentiation

• Phospholipid Bilayer (with cholesterol)
• Extrinsic/Instrinsic protiens
• Glycocalyx (cell-cell recognition)
• Cell membrane in sempermeable (selectibely/differentially permeable) regulates movement of molecules into and out of cells
• Hypo/Iso/Hypertonic solutions

Protiens:

Peripheral (extrinsic)

Protiens

Intergral (Insrinsive)

Cell-Cell-Recognition (skin repair- when cells are touching they stop multiplying -- healed)

Cell Junctions

Tight

Cell Junctions

Gap

Cell Junctions

Desmosomes

Anchoring junctions bind adjacent cells together like molecular "velcro" and help form an internal tension reducing network fibers

Transport:

Passive Transport

Transport:

Passive Transport

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from area of higher consentration to lower consentration

Diffusion accross cell membrane- small and non polor molecules

Transport:

Passive Transport

Osmosis

Transport:

Passive Transport

Facilitated Diffusion

Transport

Active Process

Transport

Active Process

Active Transport

Uses carrier protiens

ex. Sodium potasium pump

Transport

Active Process

Endocytosis

(Pinocytosis) (drinking) -- not selective

(Phagocytosis) (eating) -- more selective

(Receptor) -- Mediated pinocytosis -- much more selective

Transport

Active Process

 Exocytosis

lets out molecules the cell doesnt want or hormones it has produced and it letting our or something endo brought in and the cell doesnt want

(bulk transport out of cell)

Hypertonic

Isotonic

Hypotonic

More

Same

Less

Characteristics of life

(7)

1. Composed of Cells
2. Metabalism
3. Growth/Development/Maintain
4. Reproduction
5. Response to Stimuli
6. Movement
7. Maintain Homeostasis

Hierarctial Orginization of Life

(6)

1. Chemical -- atoms/molecules
2. Cellular -- Organelles
3. Tissues (Group of Similar cells functioning together as one unit)
4. Organs (2 or more similar tissues functioning together as one unit)
5. Organ Systems
6. Organism

Nitrogeneous Bases:

Purines

Nitrogeneous Bases:

Pyrimidines

Tissue

Epithelial

Simple Squamous

• Location: lining of circ. system, alveoli, part of serous membs.
• Functions: rapid exchange, filtration, reduction of friction (smooth)

Epithelial

Simple Cuboidal

• Location: glands, kidney tubules
• Function: secretion (virtually all glandular epithelium is simp. cub.), exchange (in kidneys)

Epithelial

Simple Columnar

• Location: digestive system, oviducts, resp. tract
• Function: absorption, secretion
• Some places SCE has microvilli (small intestine) or cilia (uterine tubes)
• goblet cells often associated

Epithelial

P.C.C.E.

• Location: Respitory system, nasal cavity
• Functions: secretion (mucus), movement of unwanted garbage
• Goblet cells often associated

Epithelial

Stratified Squamous

• Location: all skin, digestive system, vagina
• Function: resist abrasion (protection)

Epithelial

Stratified Transitional

Location: Pelvis of kidney, ureters; urinary bladder

Function: Distension

Mainly simple cubiodal

cells secrectory, with lots of Golgi, ER (and mitochondria)

Glandular

Endocrine and Exocrine

exo-open into cavities (mucus membranes) or onto surface of body

a. goblet cells (unicellular)

b. multicellular: secretory units (tubular, alveolar) with ducts (simple, compound) classified by function: merocrine, holocrine

Characteristics: common embryonic origin; cells and matrix (extra cellular (ground substamce, fibers) secreted by the cells)

Fiber types: Collagen, reticular, elastic

Connective Tissue Proper

Connective Tissue Proper

Loose

Areolar

• Most widely distributed; all 3 fiber types, mast cells, macrophages, occasional adipose cells; just underneath epithelium in all three types of epithelial membranes
• Vascular/ regenerates well

Connective Tissue Proper

Loose

Adipose

• Very cellular (adipocytes-- only ones not called fibroblasts in CTP)
• Very Vascular/Terrible at regenerating

Connective Tissue Proper

Loose

Reticular

• reticular fibers; mainly in lymph nodes, bone marrow, speen, liver, lungs
• Vasc. and Regen. depends on organ
• (pretty regen.)

Connective Tissue Proper

Dense

Regular

• collagenous
• tendons and ligaments
• Not vasc./Not regen.

Connective Tissue Proper

Dense

Elastic

• Lots of elastin fibers
• Vocal chords, stroma of lungs, aora
• Vascular/Regenerative

Connective Tissue Proper

Dense

Irregular

• Collagenous
• Dermis, other interneal coverings
• Provides structural strength
• Thickest part of skin (dense version of areolar)
• Vascular and Regenerative

Connective Tissue

Cartilage

• Cell types: osteocytes and - blasts/-clasts
• Avascular and no nerves
• Used for support

Connective Tissue

Cartilage

Hyaline

• Collagen (regular)
• most widelt distributed
• absorbs shock
• Joints respatory system

Connective Tissue

Cartilage

Elastic

• More elastin
• Lacation: outter ear and ear canel, epiglottis

Connective Tissue

Cartilage

Fibrocartilage

• Strogest Type
• interverterbral disks, some menisci
• absorbs shock
• 2nd strongest C.T. in body

Connective Tissie

Bone

• Cell types: osteocytes and -blasts/-clasts; lots of collagen and inorganic calcium salts
• Vascular and Regenerative
• Strongest tissue in body

Connective Tissue

Blood

• Cell types: hematocytes (white and red); Matrix: plasma
• Transport respitory gases, nutrientsm wastes and other substances
• Very Regen

Membranes

Cutaneous

skin

Epithilium always strat. squam. (the epidermis; underlying CT lis a little areolar rapidly "densifying" into large layer of dense irregular (dermis) under the dermis is the adipose hypodermis

Membranes

Mucous

lines cavities open to the outside

epithelium varies, but CT always areolar (CT of mucous membranes called lamina propria)

(anything other that strat squam and simp squam)

Membranes

Serous

lines internal cavity (parietal)

Ep -- simple squamous underlying CT -- areolar

well vasculated for movement

not very regen

Muscle

Skeletal

cells strained, multinucleate, voluntary, striated

Muscle

Cardiac

cells branched and interconnected (intercalated discs), uninucleate (up to 2 nuclei), striated, involuntary

walls of heart

Muscle

Smooth

cells not striated, uninucleate

in walls of involuntary (hollow) organs

propels subtances or foodtuffs, urine, baby along internal passage ways

fibro-

adipo-

chondro-

osteo-

hemato-

• Connective tissue proper
• fat
• chondro
• bone
• blood

-blast

-cyte

• Actively growing cells
• Cell