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| the high degree of order within an organisms internal and external parts and in its interactions with the living world |
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| the smallest unit that can perform all life's processes |
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organisms made up of only one cell
examples: bacteria, protists |
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made up of multiple cells
example: humans, fungi, plants |
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| structures that carry out specialized jobs within an organ system |
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| groups of cells that have similar abilities and that allow the organs to function |
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| tiny structures that carry out functions that are necessary for a cell to stay alive |
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| the chemical compounds that provide physical structure and that bring about movement, energy use, and other cellular functions |
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1) organization and cells 2) response to stimulus
3) homeostasis 4) metabolism
5) growth and development 6) reproduction
7) change through time |
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| a physical or chemical change in the internal or external enviroment |
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| maintenance of a stable lebel of internal conditions even though the enviroment is constantly changing |
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| the sum of all the chemical reactions that take in and transform energy from food |
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| the formation of two new cells from an existing cell |
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| process by which an organism becomes a mature adult |
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| organisms produce new organisms like themselves |
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| short segement of DNA that contains the instructions for a single trait of an organism |
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| sexual vs asexual reproduction |
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sexual: hereditary info combines from both parents, offspring are similar to parents
asexual: hereditary info is not combined, original organism and new one are the exact same |
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three major subdivisions of all organisms
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya (animals, protists, plants, fungi) |
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after the domains, divides life into six kingdoms:
animalia, plantae, fungi, protista, archaea, and bacteria |
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| organization of human body |
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| atoms, biological molecule, organelles, cells, tissue, organs, organ systems, organisms |
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| study of organisms interacting with themselves and the enviroment |
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| communities of living species and their physical enviroments |
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| the process in which the inherited characteristics within a species changes over generations |
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| organisms that have certain favorable traits are better able to survive and reproduce successfully than organisms that lack the traits |
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traits the improve an individual's ability to survive and reproduce
examples: fur |
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1) state the problem 2) research 3) form a hypothesis
4) test/expirement 5)analyze data 6)conclude |
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independent+controlled=dependent
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| everything else besides the variables must be the same |
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| anything that occupies space |
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| how much matter an object has |
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weight: gravitational force on matter
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| substances that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means |
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| the simplest part of an element that retains all the properties of that element |
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| makes up the bulk of the mass, contains protons and neutrons |
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| positivley charged, relative mass of 1, found in nucleus, atomic number on periodic table |
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| negativley charged, found in orbitals, relative mass of 0 |
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neutral charge, found in nucleus, relative mass of 1
#of neutrons = mass number-atomic number |
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| atoms of the same elements that have a different number of neutrons |
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| made up of atoms of two or more elements in fixed proportions |
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| forms through transfer of electrons |
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| forms through sharing of electrons |
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| the simplest part of a substance that hass all the properties of that substance |
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| the attractive forces that hold atoms together |
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| atom or molecule with a charge |
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solid: defined shape, defined volume
liquid: no shape, defined volume
gas: no shape, no volume
the motion of and spacing between atoms of a substance determines its state of matter |
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one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances
reactants -----> products
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speed up chemical reactions but are not used
example of natural catalyst: enzymes |
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| releases all the potential energy, the amount of energy needed to start a reaction |
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oxidation and reduction reactions
"redox" |
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oxidation: loses one or more electrons, becomes positive charge
reduction: gains electrons, becomes negativley charged
leo the lion goes ger |
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| water is polar and polar only dissolves polar |
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| polar nature of water, force of attraction between a hydrogen molecule with a partial positive charge and another atom or molecule with a partial or full negative charge |
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an attractive force that holds molecules of a single substance together
reasoning: this is why water molecules stick to each other, contributes to upward movement of water from plant roots to the leaves |
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| the cohesive forces in water cause the molecules at the surface of water to be pulled downward into the liquid |
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| attractive force between particles of different substances |
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| attraction between molecules that results in the rise of the surface of a liquid when it comes in contact with a solid |
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| a mixture of one or more substances are uniformley distributed in another substance |
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| the substance that is being dissolved |
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| the substance in which things are being dissolved in |
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| the amount of solute disolved in a fixed amount of solvent |
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| solutions in which water is the solvent |
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| chemicals that neutralize small amounts of acids and bases when added to a solution |
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