Term
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Definition
(deep to superficial)
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum |
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Term
| 6-2 what types of cells are found in the epidermis? |
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Definition
stem cells, keratinocytes, melanocytes,
tactile cells, dendritic cells |
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Term
| 6-3 characteristics of thick and thin skin and where they're located |
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Definition
thick: covers palms, soles and corresponding surfaces of the fingers/toes; epidermis 0.5mm thick, has sweat glands, no hair follicles or sebaceous glands
thin: rest of body; epidermis 0.1mm thick, has hair follicles, sebaceous glands and sweat glands |
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Term
| 6-4 what layer of the epidermis consists of up to 30 layers of dead cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| 6-5 what structure is associated with the sense of touch? |
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Definition
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Term
| 6-6 in what layer of epidermis does the fastest rate of mitosis occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| 6-7 function of keratinocytes, melanocytes, adipocytes, dendritic, and tactile cells |
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Definition
ker: majority of epidermal cells, synthesize keratin
mel: deepest layer only, synthesize melanin
adi: undifferentiated, divide and give rise to keratinocytes, deepest layer only
den: in stratum spinosum and granulosum, originate in bone marrow; stand guard against toxins, microbes, pathogens
tac: few in #, receptors for sense and touch, deepest layer only |
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Term
| 6-10 reddish color of skin is due to what pigment? |
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Definition
| melanin, specifically pheomelanin |
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Term
| 6-11 what primarily causes ethnic differences in skin color? |
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Definition
| everyone has essentially the same number of melanocytes, but in dark-skinned people they produce greater quantities of melanin, the melanin granules in the keratinocytes are more spread out than tightly clumped, and the melanin breaks down more slowly |
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Term
| 6-12 definition of lanugo, pilus, terminal hair and vellus |
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Definition
lanugo: fine, downy, pigmented hair, appears on fetus in last 3 mos of development, mostly replaced by birth
pilus: hair; a slender filament of keratinized cells that grows from an oblique tube in the skin called a hair follicle
terminal hair: longer, coarser, and usually more heavily pigmented; forms eyebrows and eyelashes and covers the scalp, pubic hair, and male facial hair
vellus: fine, pale hair, about 2/3 of womens hair, 1/10 mens, just about all for kids |
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Term
| 6-14 where does growth occur in the nail? |
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Definition
| mitosis in the nail matrix- at the proximal end of the nail its stratum basale thickens to constitute this growth zone |
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Term
| 6-15 what type of gland secretes oil on the scalp and is associated with hair follicles? |
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Definition
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Term
| 6-16 what type of gland contributes to the acid mantle that inhibits bacterial growth on the skin? |
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Definition
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Term
| 6-17 where is cerumen formed? |
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Definition
| (earwax) formed in external ear canal |
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Term
| 6-18 function of the following glands: merocrine, apocrine, sebaceous, ceruminous, mammary |
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Definition
mero: evaporative cooling; widely dist. over body surface
apo: scent glands; pubic, axillary, male facial hair
seb: produce oily secretion to keep skin/hair from becoming dry
cer: contribute to secretion of cerumen (earwax)
mam: milk-producing glands located in breasts |
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Term
| 6-20 what is the ABCD rule? |
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Definition
| for recognizing malignant melanoma: A for asymmetry, B for border irregularity, C for color, D for diameter |
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Term
| 6-21 what is the least common but deadly type of skin cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| 7-1 function of skeletal system |
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Definition
| support, protection, movement, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, blood formation |
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Term
| 7-2 osseous tissue is what type of tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| 7-3 what are the 4 types of bone? |
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Definition
| long, short, flat, irregular |
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Term
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Definition
| expanded head at each end of long bone, strengthens joint |
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Term
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Definition
| shaft of long bone, provides leverage |
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Term
| 7-4.3 articular cartilage |
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Definition
| layer of hyaline cartilage covering joint surface where one bone meets another |
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Term
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Definition
| sheath covering bone, provides attachment/continuity from muscle to tendon to bone |
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Term
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Definition
| lines internal surface of bone; thin layer of reticular connective tissue with cells that dissolve osseus tissue and others that deposit it |
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Term
| 7-5 what are the bone forming cells called? |
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Definition
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Term
| 7-6 spicules and trabeculae are found where? |
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Definition
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Term
| 7-7 intramembraneous ossification produces what? |
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Definition
| produces the flat bones of the skull and most of the clavicle |
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Term
| 7-8 endochondrial ossification replaces what with bone? |
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Definition
| preexisting model composed of hyaline cartilage |
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Term
| 7-9 how are mature bones remodeled? |
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Definition
| by the absorption of old bone and deposition of new; comes about through collaborative action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
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Term
| 7-10 what is Wolf's law of bone? |
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Definition
| the architecture of a bone is determined by the mechanical stresses placed upon it, and the bone thereby adapts to withstand those stresses |
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Term
| 7-12 what role does calcium play in the body? |
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Definition
| plays roles in communication among neurons, and in muscle contraction, blood clotting and exocytosis; second messenger in many cell-signaling processes and a cofactor for some enzymes |
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Term
| 7-13 know what parathyroid does |
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Definition
| it's a hormone secreted by parathyroid glands, released when blood calcium is low, raises blood calcium level by 4 mechanisms |
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Term
| 7-14 what hormone is important in the deposition of bone? |
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Definition
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Term
| 7-15 when is a soft callus formed? |
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Definition
| during healing of fracture; fibroblasts deposit collagen in the granulation tissue, while some osteogenic cells become chrondoblasts and produce these patches of fibrocartilage |
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Term
| 7-17 know the types of fractures |
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Definition
stress: break caused by abnormal trauma to bone
Pathological: break in bone weakened by some other disease |
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Term
| 7-18 sequence of events in healing of a bone fracture |
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Definition
(uncomplicated fractures normally take 8-12 weeks to heal)
1. formation of hematoma and granulation tissue
2. formation of soft callus
3. conversion to hard callus
4. remodeling |
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Term
| 8-1 number of bones in adult skeleton |
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Definition
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Term
| 8-2 know the bones in the axial skeleton and bones in the appendicular skeleton |
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Definition
axial: skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, sacrum, hyoid
appendicular: pectoral girdle, upper extremity, pelvic girdle, lower extremity |
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Term
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Definition
| bones that form within some tendons in response to stress ex: patella, knuckles |
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Term
| 8-5 4 curves in the spinal column |
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Definition
| cervical, thoracic, lumbar, pelvic |
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Term
| 9-1 4 categories of joints |
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Definition
| bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial |
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Term
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Definition
| a point where 2 bones are separated by a narrow, encapsulated space filled with lubricating synovial fluid; most such joints are relatively mobile |
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Term
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Definition
| a fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid, located between adjacent muscles, where a tendon passes over a bone or between bone and skin |
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Term
| 9-4 what determines joint range of motion? |
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Definition
-structure of the articular surfaces
-strength and tautness of ligaments and joint capsules
-action of the muscles and tendons |
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Term
| 9-5.1 6 types of joints and examples |
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Definition
ball and socket- shoulder and hip joints
condyloid- radiocarpal joint of wrist
saddle- sternoclavicular joint
plane- carpal/tarsal bones
hinge- elbow joint, knee, finger/toe joints
pivot- atlantoaxial joint (dens of atlas and axis) |
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Term
| 9-6 abduction and circumduction and examples |
|
Definition
abduction: movement of body part in frontal plane away from midline of body
ex: raise arm over back or front of head
circumduction: one end of appendage stays stationary while other end makes circular motion
ex: circling hand or foot (moving whole limb) |
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Term
| 9-7 the most common instability direction seen in shoulder dislocations |
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Definition
| downward displacement of the humerus |
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Term
| 10-1 4 functions of muscles |
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Definition
| movement, stability, control of body openings and passages, heat production |
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Term
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Definition
| a bundle of muscle or nerve fibers ensheathed in connective tissue; multiple fascicles bound together constitute a muscle or nerve as a whole |
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Term
| 10-3 what separates groups of muscles? |
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Definition
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Term
| 10-5 what muscle is the prime mover for inhalation? |
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Definition
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Term
| 10-6 function of the erector spinae |
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Definition
| (runs vertically for the entire length of the back from cranium to sacrum) function: extension and lateral flexion of vertebral column |
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Term
| 10-7 what muscle is injured in a whiplash injury? |
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Definition
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Term
| 10-9 what is cut during carpal tunnel surgery? |
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Definition
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Term
| 10-10 what is the longest muscle in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| 11-1 skeletal muscle depends on what for its calcium source? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| 11-2 what type of muscles connect without stimulation from the nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pattern of increasing tension with repetitive stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| a state of sustained muscle contraction produced by temporal summation as a normal part of contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| contraction without a change in length |
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Term
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Definition
| contraction with a change in length but no change in tension-begins when internal tension builds to the point where it overcomes resistance |
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Term
| 11-4 understand the mechanisms of smooth muscle contraction |
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Definition
| contraction triggered by Ca+2, energized by ATP, and achieved by sliding thin past thick filaments |
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Term
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Definition
| minimum voltage necessary to generate an action potential in the muscle fiber and produce a contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| delay of about 2 milliseconds between the onset of the stimulus and the onset of the twitch |
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Term
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Definition
| when each new twitch "rides piggyback" on the previous one and generates higher tension, muscle relaxes only partially between stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| quick cycle of contraction and relaxation caused by stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| process of bringing more motor units into play, occurs when voltages excite more and more nerve fibers in the motor nerve |
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Term
| 11-6 what type of muscle has the largest mitochondria? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| 11-7 acetylcholine is released from where, to stimulate muscle contraction? |
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Definition
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Term
| 11-8 what would increased oxygen result in (in regard to exercise?) |
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Definition
| more red blood cells, greater endurance |
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Term
| 11-9 what is a triad of muscle fiber? |
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Definition
| a T tubule and the two terminal cisternae associated with it |
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Term
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Definition
| protein that blocks the active sites of 6 or 7 G actins and prevents myosin from binding them |
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Term
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Definition
| small calcium-binding protein bound to tropomyosin |
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Term
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Definition
| huge springy protein, flank each thick filament and anchor it to structure called Z disk |
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Term
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Definition
| enormous protein located between the sarcolemma and the outermost myofilaments; links actin filaments to a peripheral protein on the inner face of the sarcolemma |
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Term
| 11-11 what does creatine kinase do? |
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Definition
| obtains phosphate groups from a phosphate-storage molecule and donates it to ADP to make ATP; helps maintain ATP level |
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Term
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Definition
| shrinkage of a tissue due to age, disuse, or disease |
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Term
| 11-15 characteristics of a muscle cell |
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Definition
| responsiveness, conductivity, contractility, expensibility, elasticity |
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Term
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Definition
| 1nm in diameter, made of huge springy protein called titin; flank each filament and anchor it to Z disc |
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Term
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Definition
| alternating light and dark transverse bands, results from overlapping of internal contractile proteins |
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Term
| 6-9 hypodermis has an abundance of what type of tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| 7-16 what causes osteoporosis? |
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Definition
| (severe loss of bone density) main cause is estrogen deficiency in women, also low testosterone in men; too much parathyroid hormone; lack of calcium; lack of vitamin D; sedentary lifestyle; smoking; alcohol abuse |
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Term
| 8-4 example of an immoveable joint |
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Definition
| sutures between bones of skull |
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Term
| 10-8 know the innervation of the diaphragm |
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Definition
| innervated by the phrenic nerve which is formed from the cervical nerves C3, C4 and C5 |
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Term
| 11-3.3 isokinetic contraction |
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Definition
| contraction in which the muscle contracts and shortens at constant rate of speed |
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Term
| 6-8 what is the least common layer of epidermis? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| 6-13 what structure provides hair with its sole source of nutrition |
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Definition
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|
Term
| 6-19 which 2 layers of the epidermis are most susceptible to cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Crystallization is the chemical reaction by which hydroxyapetite is created |
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