Term
| What do C-C single bonds allow? Majorly found in which class of hydrocarbon? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
2 less hydrogens than alkanes
simplest: cyclopropane
shapes
CnH2n + 2 rule |
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Term
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Definition
| When two compounds have the same molecular formula but C atoms bonded in a different order |
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Term
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Definition
an alkane that is missing on hydrogen atom
ex: methyl CH3 |
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Term
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Definition
-C atoms most likely to bond with nonmetals: H, N, O, S, P and halogens
-classify organic compounds according to their structure
-chemical rxns
-found in biomolecules: proteins, lipids, carbs |
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Term
| What type of hydrocarbons are alkenes and alkynes? |
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Definition
| Unsaturated. due to double and triple bonds |
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Term
| What type of hydrocarbons are alkanes? |
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Definition
| Saturated. MAX number of hydrogens possible |
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Term
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Definition
Attraction between oppositely charged ions, loss and gain of electrons.
complete transfer of electrons |
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Term
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Definition
Compound containing BENZENE, a molecule that has a ring of 6 carbon atoms with 1 H attached to each C
-picture: hexagon with circle in ctr.
-cyclic and contains double bonds |
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Term
| Nucleophilic Functional Groups |
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Definition
Alcohols, Amine or Amino groups, & Thiols (sulfhydryls)
-electron rich
-lone pair of electrons
-partial negative charge (anions) |
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Term
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Definition
Hydroxyl or -OH bonded to (a C atom)
-can ionize or deprotenate (in water based solutions):loss of a proton or H+
--ex: CH2OH --> CH30 neg. chrg + H+ pos. chrg
--O becomes more nucleophilic from deprotenation
-attacking species
- |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What do curved arrows symbolize? |
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Definition
The direction of electron flow;
movmt of electron pair |
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Term
| Classifications of the Alcohols |
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Definition
Primary, Secondary and tertiary
-1: attached to zero or 1 other C; 1 alkyl group
-2: attached to 2 alkyl groups
-3:3 alkyl groups |
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Term
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Definition
| Takes electrons and goes basically anything electronegative can leave Cl, Br, I, At (Halides) -OR, -SR -OH?, -OH2?, |
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Term
| What does the oxidation of a primary alcohol produce? |
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Definition
An aldehyde. (contains a double bond between C & O).
Ex: oxidized Methanol (Takes a H from -OH and H around C) |
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Term
| How do aldehydes oxidize and what is then the final product? |
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Definition
They need added Oxygen; final product is carboxylic acid
-ex: acetaldehyde --> acetic acid |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Oxidation of Functional Group |
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Definition
increase in C-O bonds
loss of electrons
loss H atoms or addition of O
gain of C=C bonds (from C-OH bond) |
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Term
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Definition
| Oxidizing something and therefore is reduced |
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Term
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Definition
decrease C-O bonds
gain of electrons |
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Term
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Definition
NH2 or R-NH2
central atom is a Nitrogen atom; derivative of ammonia (NH3)in which C atoms replace one, two, or three of the hydrogen atoms |
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Term
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Definition
a.k.a SULFHYDRYLS
the functional grp -SH is bonded to a C atom
similar, but slightly less neg. than -OH |
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Term
| What happens if there are 2 thiols in a solution? What is the product important in? |
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Definition
They will deprotenate, the thiols will join, and they will create a disulfide.
Important in proteins (offer stability). |
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Term
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Definition
(1)Carboxylic acids, (2)Aldehydes, (3)Ketones, (4)Esters, (5)Amides, (6)Phosphate esters
-electron deficient
-attacked by nucleophiles
-may have partial positive chrg |
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Term
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Definition
the functional group is a combo of the carbonyl and hydroxyl groups. the first C atom is part of a carboxyl group
R-COOH(ex:CH3COOH)
O=C : carbonyl
R= alkane (hydrocarbon)
*Will always be attacked (bc an electrophil) |
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Term
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Definition
first C of carbon chain is a carbonyl group that is bonded to a H atom
(RCHO)
- can oxidize by adding [O] to make carboxylic acid
exs p. 8 notebook |
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Term
| What is the simplest aldehyde? |
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Definition
Formaldehyde
HCHO
only aldehyde that has carbonyl grp attached to 2 H atoms |
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Term
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Definition
carbonyl group is bonded to 2 other C atoms
RCOR
exs p. 8 notebook |
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Term
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Definition
similar to carboxylic acid,except the oxygen of the carbonyl group is attached to a C and not a hydrogen
(O=COC v. O=COH)
Made from carboxylic acids and alcohols |
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Term
| The reactants carboxylic acid plus alcohol makes what two products? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
hydroxyl group of a carboxylic acid is replaced by a nitrogen group
RC=O-NH2
p. 9
Made from carboxylic acids & amines |
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Term
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Definition
ester bonds form between hydroxyl group of an alcohol and phosphoric acid
O=POR |
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Term
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Definition
| HOP=OOHOH -Strong acid due to 3 OH's -good leaving groups on electrophiles |
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Term
| The reactants phosphoric acid and alcohol make what? |
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Definition
| Phosphate ester and water |
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Term
| The reactants phosphate ester and alcohol form what? |
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Definition
| Phosphate diester + Water p.621 |
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Term
| What do the reactants carboxylic acid and amine produce? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Translation: Nucleus-loving
• Chemical meaning: Reacts with positivelycharged (or partially positive) atoms
(electrophiles: electron-loving)
• Characteristics: Nucleophilic atoms will
have either lone pairs or pi bonds that can
be used to form new bonds to electrophiles
-the attacker |
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Term
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Definition
Translation: Electron-loving
• Chemical meaning: Reacts with sources of
electrons (nucleophiles: nucleus-loving)
• Characteristics: Electrophilic atoms will have
– Positive charge, a partial positive charge, or be very
polarizable
– An empty orbital or a heterolytically breakable bond
(to a leaving group
-gets attacked |
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Term
| Alkanes: states of matter |
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Definition
C1 through C4 = gases (naturally)
C5-C17 = liquids, oils, gasoline (jet fuels, high b.p)
C18 and higher = solids
-In general, soluble in water
-lowest m.p.&b.p. of all hydrocarbons (compared to biomolecules) |
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Term
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Definition
-Alkanes mix with oxygen to make CO2 with H2O and Energy
-propane, gasoline, etc
-(be able to draw it)
-cellular/physiological ex on p.10 |
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Term
| Know Electron Dot Structures & Name of molecular formulas |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-atoms connected by single bonds
-H's saturate C's
-90% of biosphere made up of organic matter
-stabilized by Van Der Waals interactions |
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Term
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Definition
-double bonds
-bond angles = 120 degrees
-have fewer hydrogens, replaced by C=C
- |
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Term
| What is the simplest Alkene? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Rigid, cannot rotate
in alkenes |
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Term
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Definition
Cis- 2 large groups, usually alkyl groups or halogen atoms are on same side of the double bond
Trans- lg. groups on opposite sides of the double bond farther apart than cis are = MORE STABILITY |
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Term
| Physical Properties of Alkenes |
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Definition
-similar to alkanes
-Halogenation of Alkenes- addition rxn
(hydrogenation = adding H's
(ex p.10) |
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Term
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Definition
Steps: find longest C chain
Replace -ane with -ene |
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Term
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Definition
-hydrocarbons with more unsaturation, triple bonds
-bond angles 180 degrees
-very useful
-anti tumor producing agents
-do not have cis-trans because the C's in the triple bond are each attached to only one group |
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Term
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Definition
-identical molecules but mirror images
-aka Enantiomers
-have same atoms but arranged differently in space
-Not superimposable
ex: hands - can't fit a R glove on L hand; can't have palm of L&R face up and have everything aligned, doesn't work!
CHIRAL- Molecule where carbon center has four different* molecules or groups attached |
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Term
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Definition
Proteins
Sugars/carbs
fatty acids
nucleic acids |
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Term
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Definition
-made up of A.A.
-AA has carboxylic acid group, amine group, R group (20 different), has chiral attached to it NCHRC
--> therefore, optical isomers in AA |
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Term
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Definition
-made up of polyhydroxyl (C-OH)Aldehyde and Ketones
ALDOSE-carbonyl group is on the first C (-CHO)
KETOSE-carbonyl group on the second carbon atom as a ketone (c=O) |
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Term
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Definition
-Carboxylic Acids & hydrocarbons
-Make up lipids
-Found in membranes
more info?
-A lot more Energy harnessed from fats than from sugar |
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Term
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Definition
-building blocks of DNA/RNA
-nucleotidetriphosphate, ""diphosphate, monophosphate
-purines: Adenine & Guanine
-pyrimidines:Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine
-amide: O=C-N |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-biomolecules are influenced by solvation of H2O
-most abundant biomolecule (60-90%) cellular
-most unusual properties
- high heat of vaporization, surface tension and b.p/m.p. |
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Term
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Definition
Mutual attraction of H2O to itself
the WEAK electrostatic interaction between a H attached to an electronegative atom and its interaction with another electronegative atom
-no equal sharing of electrons in water (parital negative & partial positive)
-easy to break |
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Term
| Water's 4 Major Types of Non-Covalent Forces |
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Definition
1) charge-charge interactions
2) Hydrogen bonding
3) Vander Waals forces
4) Hydrophobic interactions |
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Term
| How do you draw Hydrogen bonding? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many water molecules can one water bond to? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do you draw a Hydrogen bond between one molecule and a ketone? |
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Definition
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Term
| Draw H bond between H2O and an Amine. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-In liquid water, the molecules are packed closer together & therefore more dense. Upon freezing, the molecules form a less dense (max H bonds) lattice structure & therefore floats to surface.
-hexagonal lattice structure
-every molecule is H bonded to 4 others |
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Term
| Solvent Properties of H2O |
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Definition
-good solvent to polar molecules
functional groups that would be
polar: Amide, alcohol, carboxylic
acid, aldehyde, ketones, etc)
-good solvent to ionic molecules
ex: Table salt Na plus, Cl minus
-Poor solvent for Hydrocarbons (b/c hydrocarbons have covalent bonds & water is polar) |
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Term
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Definition
"like dissolves like"
-Hydrophobic = water hating
-Hydrophilic = water loving
ex: water will dissolve with Carbox. acid, alcohol, etc |
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Term
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Definition
Hydrophilic biomolecules will mix with water, hydrophobic will separate
- Benzene ---> alkene;subsides in oil layer
- Urea ---> polar; subsides in water
- NaCl ---> polar; subside in water
- Vitamin A ---> Amphipathic = both layers. polar head, phobic tail |
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Term
| SODIUM DODECYL SULFATE (SDS) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-anterior of micell
-noncovalent bonding with the exclusion of water
**very important for protein stability
-In protein, phobi inside, philic outside, water pushed out (doesn't want + chrg inside protein) |
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Term
| Charge to Charge interactions |
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Definition
-strongest of noncovalent interacts
-longest distance out of 4 noncovalent forces (dist. is important)
-SALT BRIDGE- 2 AA of opposite chrg interior of protein |
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Term
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Definition
-weakEST electrostatics
-short range
-C=O all in proteins |
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Term
| What are the structural isomaers for all 10 alkanes? |
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Definition
meth, eth, prop = 1
but = 2
pent = 3
hex = 5
Hept = 9
oct = 18
Non = 35
dec= 75 |
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