Term
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Definition
| The awareness of the sensations, thoughts and feelings being experienced at a given moment. |
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Term
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Definition
| State of transition between wakefulness and sleep, characterized by relatively rapid, low-amplitude brain waves. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sleep deeper than that of stage 1, characterized by a slower, more regular wave pattern, along with momentary interruption of "sleep spindles" |
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Term
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Definition
| A sleep characterized by slow brain waves, with greater peaks and valleys in the wave pattern than in stage 2 sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| The deepest stage of sleep, during which we are least responsive to outside stimulation. |
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Term
| Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep |
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Definition
| Sleep occupying 20% of an adult's sleeping time, characterized by increased heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate; erections, eye movements and the experience of dreaming. |
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Term
| Unconsciousness wish fulfillment theory |
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Definition
| Sigmund Freud's theory that dreams represent unconscious wishes that dreamers desire to see fulfilled |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Freud, the "disguised" meanings of dreams, hidden by more obvious subjects. |
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Term
| Manifest content of dreams |
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Definition
| According to Freud, the apparent story line of dreams. |
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Term
| Dreams-for-Survival Theory |
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Definition
| The theory suggesting that dreams permit information that is critical for our daily survival to be reconsidered and reprocessed during sleep. |
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Term
| Activation-Synthesis Theory |
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Definition
| Hobson's theory that the brain produces random electrical energy during REM sleep that stimulates memories lodged in various portions of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Biological processes that occur regularly on approximately a 24-hour cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fantasies that people construct while awake. |
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Term
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Definition
| A trancelike state of heightened susceptibility to the suggestions of others. |
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Term
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Definition
| A learned technique for refocusing attention that brings about an altered state of consciousness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that influence a person's emotions, perceptions and behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that produce a biological or psychological dependence in the user so that the withdrawal from them leads to a craving for the drug that, in some cases, may be nearly irresistible. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that have an arousal effect on the central nervous system, causing a rise in the heart rate, blood pressure and muscular tension. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that slow down the nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that increase relaxation and relieve pain and anxiety. |
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Term
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Definition
| A drug that is capable of producing hallucinations, or changes in the perceptual process. |
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Term
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Definition
| A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest. |
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Term
| Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) |
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Definition
| A stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned. |
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Term
| Unconditioned response (UCR) |
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Definition
| A response that is natural and needs no training (Salivation at the smell of food) |
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Term
| Conditioned stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| A once-neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
| Conditioned Response (CR) |
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Definition
| A response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus (salivation at the ringing of a bell.) |
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Term
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Definition
| A basic phenomenon of learning that occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears. |
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Term
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Definition
| The reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest with no further conditioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process that occurs when a conditioned response follows a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus; the more similar the two stimuli are, the more likely generalization is to occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process that occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from one another that one evokes a conditioned response but the other does not; the ability to differentiate between stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response. |
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Term
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Definition
| An unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again. |
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Term
| Schedules of reinforcement |
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Definition
| Different patterns of frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior. |
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Term
| Continuous reinforcement schedule |
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Definition
| Reinforcing of a behavior every time it occurs |
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Term
| Partial (or intermittent) reinforcement schedule |
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Definition
| Reinforcing of a behavior some but not all of the time. |
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Term
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Definition
| A schedule by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made. |
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Term
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Definition
| A schedule by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number. |
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Term
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Definition
| A schedule that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed, making overall rates of response relatively low. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| A formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones. |
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Term
| Cognitive Learning Theory |
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Definition
| An approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning in which a new behavior is acquired but is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning by observing the behavior of another person, or model. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which we encode, store and retrieve information. |
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Term
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Definition
| The initial, momentary storage of information, lasting only an instant. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory that holds information for 15 to 25 seconds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory that stores information on a relatively permanent basis, although it may be difficult to retrieve. |
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Term
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Definition
| A meaningful grouping of stimuli that can be stored as a unit in short-term memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| The repetition of information that has entered short-term memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of active, temporary memory stores that actively manipulate and rehearse information. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory for factual information: names, faces, dates and the like. |
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Term
| Procedural Memory (Nondeclarative Memory) |
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Definition
| Memory for skills and habits, such as riding a bike or hitting a baseball. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory for general knowledge and facts about the world, as well as memory for the rules of logic that are used to deduce other facts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory for events that occur in a particular time, place or context. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mental representations of clusters of interconnected information. |
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Term
| Tip-Of-The-Tongue Phenomenon |
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Definition
| The inability to recall information that one realizes one knows-- as a result of the difficulty of retrieving information from long-term memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory task in which specific information must be retrieved. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory task in which individuals are presented with a stimulus and asked whether they have been exposed to it in the past or to identify it from a list of alternatives. |
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Term
| Levels-of-processing Theory |
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Definition
| The theory of memory that emphasizes the degree to which new material is mentally analyzed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Intentional or conscious recollection of information. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memories of which people are not consciously aware, but which can affect subsequent performance and behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| A phenomenon in which exposure to a word or concept (called prime) later makes it easier to recall related information, even when there is no conscious memory of the word or concept. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memories centered on a specific, important, or surprising event that are so vivid it is as if they are represented a snapshot of the event. |
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Term
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Definition
| Processes in which memories are influenced by the meaning we give to events. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organized bodies of information stored in memory that bias the way new information is interpreted, stored and recalled. |
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Term
| Autobiographical Memories |
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Definition
| Our recollections of circumstances and episodes from our own lives. |
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Term
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Definition
| The loss of information in memory through its nonuse. |
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Term
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Definition
| The phenomenon by which information in memory disrupts the recall of other information. |
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Term
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Definition
| Forgetting that occurs when there are insufficient retrieval cues to rekindle information that is in memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Interference in which information learned earlier disrupts the recall of newer material. |
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Term
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Definition
| Interference in which there is difficulty in the recall of information learned earlier because of later exposure to different material. |
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Term
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Definition
| An illness characterized in part by severe memory problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory loss that occurs without other mental difficulties. |
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Term
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Definition
| Amnesia in which memory is lost for occurrences prior to a certain event. |
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Term
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Definition
| Amnesia in which memory is lost for events that follow an injury. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disease that afflicts long-term alcoholics, leaving some abilities intact but including hallucinations and a tendency to repeat the same story. |
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