Term
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Definition
| Focuses on reactions towards kids. Labelin theorists argue that individuals who are labeled as "delinquent" are often viewed as bad or evil people. This view leads others to reject them and treat them in a harsh manner, which could increse the likelihood of further delinquency. |
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Term
| How do others react to the juvenile's delinquency? |
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Definition
| 1.) Juvneniles are labeled "delinquents" and leads others to view them as dangerous. They not only the view the behavior as bad but also the person themselves.This view of juveniles as bad leads others to reject and treat the juveniles harshly.(Informal vs. formal reactions) focused more on informal reaction.2.)Failure to respond to the delinquency. Because others are unaware of the delinquency. 3.)Condemn the delinquency but accept the juvenile reaction. |
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Term
| Failure to respond to Delinquency |
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Definition
| 1.) Others never find out about delinquency. 2.)May be ignored or subject to mild sanction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Some labeling theorists argue that failure to respond to the juvenile's delinquency is a good strategy. They claim the most juveniles engage in delinquency a one point or another but tends to be occasional and minor. Efforts to control the minor run te risk of labeling them as bad and making matters worse. Radical nonintervention claims that the best way to reduce delinquency is to do as little as possible. |
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Term
| Condemn the juvenile but accept the juvenile reaction. |
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Definition
| Juvenile's delinquency should be condemned but in a way that is accepting to the juvenile. Should sanction the juvenile,emphasizing that the delinquency was morally wrong but sanctions should not be overly harsh. |
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Term
| Restorative Justice Approach |
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Definition
New way of looking at offenders.
Victim centered.
Focus on offender.
Focus on community.
This approach focuses on making the offender aware of the harm they have caused and having them repair thast harm. Core part involves conference between the offender, the victim, family members of offender and victim and selected community reps. |
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Term
| Why does the harsh/rejecting reaction lead to further delinquency? |
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Definition
1.) Reduces control
2.) Increases strain(more difficult for juvenile to achieve goals)
3.) Increases social learning of delinquency(people try to avoid the juvenile,so juvenile is more likely to associate with other delinquents.
4.) Creates a delinquent self-concept.(symbolic interactionism) May come to view yourself as a bad person and act accordingly. |
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Term
| Ideal Test of the Labeling Theory? |
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Definition
1.)examination of whom recieved the harsh/rejection reaction.
2.)examination of who recieved the failure to respond to delinquency reaction.
3.)examination of who recieved the comdemn the delinquency but accept the juvenile reaction. |
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Term
| What is adolescent limited? |
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Definition
| Pattern of offending. most individuals increase their level of offending when they enter adolescent and then reduce it when they enter adulthood. |
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Term
| Life-course persistent offenders? |
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Definition
| Smaller number of individuals who offend at highe rates over much of their lives. (4-10%) |
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Term
| Why do most individuals increase their levels of offending during adolescence? |
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Definition
Biological
1.)Desire adult privileges.
2.)Increased hormone level(increase in irratibility-quicker to take offense and get angry)
3.)Prefrontal Cortex not fully developed(in control of emotions-less able to excercise self control)
Social
1.)More autonomy
2.)More material things(money,cars)
3.)Higher status than kids
4.)More responsibility(more often to handle their own problems)
5.)School more demanding.
Reduction in control
1.)Given more freedom leads to them not home as much so parents aren't monitering them as much.
Increase in Social Learning for Crime
1.)Have more freedom to associate with delinquent peers
2.)More attracted to delinquent peers bc they have many adult privileges(beer, cigarettes etc)
Increase in Strain
1.)More likely to have trouble achieving their goals. |
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Term
| Why do a small percentage of individuals offend at high rates over much of their lives? |
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Definition
1.)Traits conductive to Crime(biological)
2.)poor parenting |
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Term
| What types of situations are most conductive to delinquency? |
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Definition
1.)Provoked, face other strains
2.)Alcohol or drugs being used-coping
3.)Attractive Targets |
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Term
| Strain Theory: Situational Strains |
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Definition
Provocation of others(verbal/physical)
Were insulted,annoyed,threatened, molested or had their property taken away. |
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Term
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Definition
1.Overt
2.Covert
3.Authority conflict pathway |
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Term
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Definition
1.Later in life
2.Begins w/minor behavior(lying)
3.Property damage
4.Moderate to serious delinquency |
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Term
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Definition
1.Leads to most violence
2.Very noticeable
3.Begins w/minor aggression
4.Progressed to physical fighting
5.Violent behavior(rape,robbery,assult) |
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Term
| Authority Conflict Pathway |
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Definition
Before age 12
1.Stubborn behavior
2.Defiance/Disobedience
3.Truancy, running away,staying out late. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of High-Crime neighborhoods and cities? |
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Definition
1.Economic deprivation
2.Residential instability
3.Family disruption |
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Term
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Definition
1.average family income(percentage of families below poverty line) $18,392 for a family of 4
2.Percentage of males who are unemployed.
3.Families that recieve welfare.
4.Educational level |
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Term
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Definition
1.people fregquently move into and out of the community
2.more common in poor communities.
3.New immigrants to the city often locate in poor communities bc they cant afford to live elsewhere. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1.Families headed by females and/or residents who are divorced or seperated. |
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Term
| Why are Deprived Communities higher in crime? |
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Definition
1.Goal Blockage-Frustration that results from goal blockage may result in violent behavior.
2.Loss of positive stimuli-more likely to experience family disruption, likely to get into interpersonal conflicts and compete w/others for money. |
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Term
Social Disorganization theories
Deprived communities are lower in control |
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Definition
1.Less likely to excercise effective direct control.(intervening in local disturbances etc)
2.Less likely to provide juvenile w/a stake in conformity.(helping kids to do well in school.
3.Less likely to socialize juveniles so that they condemn delinquency and develop self-control. |
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