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| an individual who falls within a specified age range and is subject to the jurisdiction of the juvenile court. |
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| the procedure by which juvenile court staff decide whether to process the case further in court, handle the case informally, or dismiss the case. |
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| any behavior that is prohibited by the juvenile law of a state. |
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| an act of delinquency committed by a juvenile that would not be considered a crime if committed by an adult. |
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| a variable that, by its presence or absence, is correlated with the youth's becoming delinquent. |
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| the eight felonies that comprise the FBI's Uniform Crime Report: murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny/theft, and arson. |
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| the statistical count of crime, compiled by the FBI using reports from law enforcement agencies across the country. the main categories of offenses are part 1 and 2 crimes. |
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| generic term for survey research conducted using victims or potential victims of crime. |
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| the first jail in the united states that separated inmates and sought to reform their behavior rather than just punishing them. opened in 1790 in Philadelphia, it was also the first correctional facility to separate women and children from adult male inmates. |
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| a practice where children were sold into service to a business person or wealthy person for service. in exchange for money, the parents would essentially give up all rights to the child. |
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| a controversial, school-based program designed to encourage youth to avoid drugs. |
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| the group of progressive reformers, who, in the late 1800s and early 1900s, were responsible for the creation of the juvenile justice system in the United States |
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| National Crime Victimization Survey |
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| a national survey of households on the subject of victimization, conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics. |
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| juvenile justice and delinquency prevention act of 1974 |
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| the law that limits the discretion of the juvenile justice system in dealing with status offenders. it introduces more uniformity and fairness in the system. |
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| a legal doctrine in which the state plays the role of the parent. |
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| period of time during the 1960s and early 1970s when the U.S. Supreme Court made several rulings that created or applied additional due process protections to criminal justices. |
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| a learning disability characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. |
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| CHINS, CINDS, MINDS, PINS |
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| child in need of supervision, conduct in need of supervision, minor in need of supervision, person in need of supervision. variety of terms used in state statutes which broadly allow law enforcement officials to take juveniles into custody. |
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| usually handle first time offenders charged with minor offenses. most of the juveniles processed are under the age of 16 who do not have a prior arrest record. a national survey of teen court programs found at least four potential benefits of the programs: Accountability, timeliness, cost savings, and community cohesion. |
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| first U.S. supreme court case in which it was ruled that juveniles facing waiver to adult court are entitled to some basic du process rights. Morris Kent was arrest at age 16, while on probation, and charged with burglary, robbery, and rape. the juvenile court simply entered an order waiving Kent to adult court. the U.S supreme court considered whether a juvenile was entitled to due process in the juvenile system. |
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issue: does a juvenile have due process rights during the adjudication stage of a delinquency proceeding?
Decision: Gault was granted rights to reasonable notice of the charges, counsel as well as appointed counsel if indigent, confront and cross examine witnesses, and against self incrimination (including the right to remain silent) |
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| supreme court case that decide the standard of proof in juvenile delinquency proceedings is proof beyond a reasonable doubt. |
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| supreme court case in which it was ruled that juveniles are not entitled to trial by jury in delinquency proceedings. |
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| case in which the supreme court ruled that juveniles are protected against double jeopardy by the U.S. constitution |
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| case that established ground rules for determining whether a juvenile has knowingly and voluntarily waived his or her rights. |
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| court case that decided juveniles can be held in preventive detention prior to adjudication. |
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| cause and correlates of delinquency project |
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Denver youth survey is based on a random sample of households in high risk neighborhoods.,
Pittsburgh youth study began with a random sample of boys in the first, fourth, and seventh grades.
Rochester youth development study sample consists of 1000 students who were in the seventh and eight grades during the spring semester of the 1988 school year- three interrelated studies designed to assess the level and correlates of juvenile crime. |
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| what legal rights do juveniles have? be able to discuss the important cases in this area. are these rights the same as for adults? |
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1. to be informed of their rights and of the charges against them
2. to be represented by an attorney
3. to confront their accuser and cross-examine witnesses
4. to refuse to testify against themselves
Juveniles have the same rights as adults except the right to a trial by jury and to a speedy and public trial |
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| what difference does the definition of "juvenile" and "delinquency" make for research and policy? |
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| a juvenile is just an individual who falls within a specified age range and is subject to the jurisdiction of the juvenile court. and delinquency is any behavior that is prohibited by the juvenile law of a state. |
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| be familiar with the history of juvenile courts in America and England. what are the three stages (models) of the juvenile justice system? how do they differ? |
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| the traditional period of juvenile justice existed form the early 1900s to the mid 1960s. during this period, the traditional assumptions about what to do about juveniles centered on the idea that juveniles were not as responsible as adults for their crimes and that the juvenile justice system would act as a doctor designed to be true about juveniles and what to do about them still held true. However, the realization that the juvenile justice system was doing little in the way of rehabilitation began to take hold. although the assumption didn't change, the way in which the system operated did. finally, the punitive era in juvenile justice began in the 1980s when the violent juvenile crime rate skyrocketed and people began to think that juveniles were getting away with serious crimes with little, if any, accountability. as a result, the assumptions regarding both juveniles and what to do about juvenile crime changed and was reflected in new juvenile laws. |
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| how do researchers measure the extent and types of delinquency? which measures are best? be sure to cite specific measures and explain why. |
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official statistics and measures are any data collected by city, county, state, or federal governmental agencies. there are three main sources for official statistics of juvenile crime: police records, court records, and correctional records. the most comprehensive official record measure of crime in the united states is the uniform crime reports, compiled annually by the FBI.
another way juvenile crime is measured is through victimization survey is conducted by the bureau of justice statistics and the u.s census bureau. this national crime victimization survey provides different data from what is collected in the ucr. self report stats are gathered from surveys of youth who volunteer info about their criminal and drug histories.
in a self report survey, a juvenile is asked a battery of questions concerning past activities. since 1975, the national institute of drug abuse has conducted an annual survey of high school seniors called monitoring the future: a continuing study of the lifestyles and values of youth, or monitoring the future. another self report of juveniles comprises three coordinated projects: Denver youth survey, the Pittsburgh youth study, and the Rochester youth development study. |
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| be able to discuss prevention programs mentioned in the textbook and discussed in class. which of the programs have been found to be most effective? why are certain programs more effective that others? |
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there are several different general types of delinquency prevention programs. many programs fall under the heading of diversion, the idea that first time juvenile offenders deserve a second chance. many others attempt to identify those juvenile who are most at risk for becoming delinquent and try to intervene before it is too late. still, others focus on the juveniles who have already committed a variety of delinquent acts and attempt to change their behavior.
silver bullet panacea type programs that offer a quick fix solution to delinquency tend to not work. successful programs use a comprehensive, multifaceted approach rather than a single type of intervention. |
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| be able to explain the role of police through the history of juvenile justice. |
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| prior to the existence of the juvenile justice system, juveniles were treated like any other criminals by police officers. following the founding of the juvenile justice system in the early 1900s, police matrons generally assumed responsibility for handling juvenile matters. many police departments established separate divisions to handle juveniles and designated certain officers to deal with juvenile offenders. today the role of the police in the juvenile justice system is that of "gatekeeper"; the police are usually initial point of contact between the system and the juvenile. |
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| how does community oriented policing impact how juvenile cases are handled? what intervention programs have been implemented by the police? |
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| community oriented policing broadens the police mission concerning juveniles. the goal of COP is to form a coactive bond between the police and the community. to strengthen this bond, many police departments are increasing the programs that they offer for juveniles. in addition, they are looking for more creative ways to deal with juvenile issues in their communities beyond traditional criminal law interventions. they use programs like DARE and police athletic leagues |
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| do public school students have the same rights in school as they do at home? should students have more rights in school? |
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| no, many fundamental rights are not granted to students, including freedom of expression and the Miranda warning |
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