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| "Eye for an eye" philosophy of justice, now known as just desserts |
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| Philosophy of justice that asserts that the punishment should fit the crime and culpability of the offender |
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| Theory of punishment that holds that potential offenders will refrain from committing crimes for fear of punishment (sometimes called general prevention) |
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| Threat of punishment intended to induce the general public not to engage in criminal acts |
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| Threat of punishment that deters an offender from engaging in any additional criminal behavior, based on the disagreeable experience with a past punishment |
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| preventing persons from committing crime by physical restraint, for example incarceration |
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| Targeting of high-risk and recidivistic offenders for rigorous prosecution and incarceration |
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| Reformation of an offender through interventions such as educational and vocational programs and psychotherapy |
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| sanction that requires the convicted criminal to serve a term in a local jail, state prison, or federal prison |
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| sentence that requires the convicted criminal to serve time in jail followed by probation |
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| sentence that requires an offender to cover the cost of a victim's losses |
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| Sanction that requires an offender to spend a period of time performing public service work |
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| Sum of money paid as a penalty and/or as an alternative to or in conjunction with incarceration |
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| presentence investigation report |
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| report prepared by the probation department for a judge; contains information about the offense, the offender, and the history of prior offenses and may include a recommendation of a sentence |
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| model of justice, as opposed to retributive justice, aiming at the offender's contribution to offset the harm done, including reconciliation with victims |
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| Sentence for which the legislature allows the judge to impose a minimum and/ or a maximum term, the actual length of service depending on the discretion of correction officials |
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| Sentence to prison that has a fixed term; also called a flat sentence |
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| sentence prescribed by the legislature, which the judge has no choice but to impose |
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| system for the judicial determination of a relatively firm sentence based on aggravating or mitigating circumstances |
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| decommissioned ships converted into prisons |
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| prison or place of confinement and correction for persons convicted of criminal acts; originally a place where convicts did penance |
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| institution designed to reform criminals through individualized treatment, education, and vocational training |
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| Facility that houses persons arrested and undergoing processing, awaiting trial, or awaiting transfer to a correctional facility |
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| facility where convicted offenders serve their sentence; includes county jails and state and federal prisons |
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| 1971, uprising of prisoners |
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| Place of confinement administered by local officials and designed to hold persons for more than forty-eight hours but usually less than one year |
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| Federal or state penal institution in which offenders serve sentences longer than one year |
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| 1584, assassinated King Willem of Orange (Holland) |
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