The word cranium comes from the Greek word kranion, a word meaning "head" and is also related to ker from which the word cerebellum is derived. Ker is related to keras (Latin, cornu) meaning "horn," since the horn of an animal is at the top of the head. The cranium, commonly referred to as the skull, is made up of eight bones: frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, lacrimal, nasal, zygomatic, parietal, and occipital.
Term
Mandible
Definition
Commonly called the lower jaw or jaw bone, mandible comes from the Latin verb mandare, meaning "to chew." It is sometimes called the inferior maxilla.
Term
Maxilla
Definition
Sometimes called the jaw, maxilla usually refers to the upper jaw (superior maxilla). Maxilla comes from the Latin word maxilla, the diminutive form of mala meaning "jaw" or "cheek."
Term
Clavicle
Definition
Commonly known as the collarbone, this word comes from the Latin clavicula, meaning "a little key" or "door bolt." This is the diminutive of the base form clavis ("key") which is derived from the Greek word kleis also meaning "key." Clavicle is applied to the bone from its shape.
Term
Scapula
Definition
Commonly called the shoulder-blade, this word comes from the Latin noun scapulae meaning "shoulder-blades."
Term
Humerus
Definition
This bone is located in the upper arm between the scapula and the ulna (the larger bone of the forearm). The word humerus is derived from the Latin noun humerus meaning the "upper arm, shoulder," and is related to the Greek omos, also meaning "shoulder." It is not a funny bone and should certainly be taken seriously.
Term
Ulna
Definition
The inner and larger bone of the forearm, the name is derived from the Latin noun ulna meaning "elbow, arm." It is itself not the elbow, the elbow being a joint where the humerus and ulna articulate (i.e. meet to form a joint).
Term
Radius
Definition
From the Latin word radius meaning "ray." The radius is the shorter bone of the arm.
Term
Spinal/Vertebral Column
Definition
The vertebral column consists of 33 bones: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral vertebrae forming one bone, and 4 coccygeal vertebrae fused into one bone. The vertebral or spinal column encloses the spinal cord, which extends from the medulla to the 2nd lumbar vertebra. All nerves to the trunk and limbs issue from here, and it is the center of reflex action containing the conducting paths to and from the brain. The term spine comes from the Latin spina (thorn) as does vertebra (joint). In anatomy, thornlike or pointed processes are commonly called spines, hence the vertebral column with its spinous processes is called spinal column or even spine.
Term
Coccyx
Definition
From the Greek kokkux, a cuckoo, the bone gets its name from its supposed resemblance to the beak of the cuckoo. It is more commonly referred to as the tailbone. The coccyx is a small bone at the base of the spinal column formed by four fused rudimentary vertebrae.
Term
Sternum
Definition
Commonly known as the breast bone, sternum is derived from the Greek sternon meaning the breast or chest (male). The Latin word sternum was a later development, the more common term being "os pectoris" (bone of the breast). The Latin term sternum did not appear in English until the 17th century. The sternum consists of three parts: the manubrium, the gladiolus, and the ensiform or xiphoid process.
Term
Sacrum
Definition
Latin sacer, meaning sacred. (The Greek equivalent to the sacrum is hieron ostoun, sacred or holy bone). A possible explanation for the naming of this bone was offered by A. Monro, namely that this bone was used as part of the sacrificial rites.
The sacrum is the triangular shaped bone formed of five united vertebrae. It forms the base of the vertebral column and with the coccyx forms the posterior boundary of the true pelvis. The sacrum of a male is narrower and more curved than that of a female.
Term
Pelvis/Hip bone
Definition
Latin pelvis meaning a basin is derived from the Greek pelis, pelvis, which is related to puelos, an oblong bathing trough. The pelvis is the bony structure formed by the innominate (i.e. nameless) bones, the sacrum, the coccyx, and the ligaments uniting them. The pelvis serves as a support for the vertebral column and for articulation with the lower limbs.
Term
Vertebra
Definition
Term
Ischium
Definition
From the Greek ischion, the socket of the hip joint, but also used for the hip in general or the bone on which one sits.
Term
Femur
Definition
Commonly known as the thigh bone, from Latin femur, thigh bone. Two suggestions as to the origin of the word: 1) related to fero (to carry, bear) since the femur carries the upper parts of the body; 2) Related to feo which is the root of the word foetus, meaning to be fruitful (as the thighs are sometimes seen to be linked to sex and bearing children). The femur extends from the hip to the knee and is the largest bone in the human skeleton.
Term
Tibia
Definition
Commonly called the shinbone, from the Latin tibia, a flute or pipe. Primitive musical instruments were made from reeds, horns, as well as the shinbones of certain birds. It is unclear, however, which was named for which. The tibia is the inner and larger bone of the leg between the ankle and the knee.
Term
Patella
Definition
From the Latin patella, the diminutive of patera, a small, round dish. The name is given to the bone from its shape. Also known as the kneecap or kneepan.
Term
Fibula
Definition
From the Latin fibula, a broach or clasp, derived form figo, "to fasten," fibula is a contraction of figibula. The relation of the fibula to the tibia is that of a needle to a brooch, the fibula being the needle. The Greek term perone meant anything pointed for piercing or pinning such as the needle of a brooch or the tongue of a buckle. (Certain muscles attached to the fibula are called peronai). The Latin fibula is simply the equivalent of the Greek term, which came first. The fibula is commonly called the calf bone and is one of the longest and thinnest bones of the body.
Term
Tarsus
Definition
From the Greek tarsos meaning a wicker basket, crate. This term was used by the Greeks for various flattened, expanded, or interwoven objects (e.g. wing of a bird, rudder of a ship, blades of an oar). Hippocrates and other early writers used the expression tarsos podos for the flat of the foot between the heel and the toe. Galen used the term with several different meanings. The tarsus includes the ankle and its seven bones located between the bones of the lower leg and the metatarsus. The seven bones are: calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, the first, second, and third cuneiform bones.
Term
Carpals
Definition
Collectively the bones that make up the wrist. Derived from the Greek word karpos meaning wrist, it may be derived from the Greek word karpho, meaning "draw up, wither." Thus, karphos means dry sticks or bits of wood and karpos may be connected in that it is bare or without flesh. The wrist is made up of eight bones forming a joint between the hand and forearm.
Term
Metacarpals
Definition
The part that comes after the wrist. Aristotle stated the metacarpus had 5 bones, which was disputed by Galen, who believed the first of these was a phalanx and that there were only four metacarpals. This controversy has survived to modern times.
Term
Phalanges
Definition
Plural form of the Greek phalanx meaning line of battle, the ordering of infantry: the Greek manner of forming a fighting battalion or phalanx. Aristotle so referred to the bones of the fingers because they were arranged in ranks not unlike the Greek phalanx. (So also the bones of the toes are called phalanges.)
Term
oste/o, os/i, oss/i
Definition
bone
Term
crani/o
Definition
skull
Term
nas/o
Definition
nasal bone of face
or
nose
Term
malar
Definition
malar bone of face
Term
maxill/o
Definition
maxilla bone of face
Term
mandibul/o
Definition
mandible
Term
hy/o
Definition
hyoid bone of face
Term
sacr/o
Definition
sacrum
Term
coccyg/o
Definition
coccyx
Term
cleid/o, clavicul/
Definition
clavicle
Term
scapul/o
Definition
scapula
Term
stern/o
Definition
sternum
Term
cost/o
Definition
ribs
Term
cos/o, sacr/o, ischi/o, ili/o, pub/o
Definition
pelvis
Term
articul/o, arthr/o
Definition
joints
Term
chondr/o
Definition
cartilage
Term
burs/o
Definition
bursa
Term
bursa
Definition
A closed fluid-filled sac that functions to provide a gliding surface to reduce friction between tissues of the body
Term
ligament/o
Definition
ligaments
Term
my/o, muscul/o
Definition
muscles
Term
tend/o, tendin/o
Definition
tendons
Term
tendon
Definition
connects muscle to bone
Term
fasci/o
Definition
fascia
Term
ossicle
Definition
Any small bone
Term
ossiferous
Definition
Composed of or forming bone or bony tissue. (From Latin ferre = to bear or produce
Term
osteomyelitis
Definition
Inflammation of bone (marrow) (from Greek muelos = bone marrow).
Term
osteosarcoma
Definition
A malignant cancer of the bone (from Greek sarx = flesh, -oma = tumor).
Term
osteoncus
Definition
A bone tumor (from Greek onkos = tumor).
Term
osteopathy
Definition
Any bone disease (from Greek pathos = disease).
Term
ostitis
Definition
Inflammation of a bone.
Term
osteosclerosis
Definition
Hardening of a bone (from Greek skleros = hard).
Term
osteoporosis
Definition
Increased porosity of bone.
Term
osteoarthritis
Definition
A chronic disease involving the joints.
Term
osteoplasty
Definition
Surgical repair of a bone.
Term
osteorrhaphy
Definition
Suture or wiring of bone (fragments) (rhaphē = suture).
rrhaphy = suture into place
Term
osteostixis
Definition
Therapeutic puncture of a bone.
Term
osteotomy
Definition
The operation for cutting through a bone.
Term
osteoscope
Definition
An instrument for testing X-ray machines
Term
osteotome
Definition
An instrument for cutting through bones
Term
osteomalacia
Definition
malacia = softening
Term
spondyl/o, vertebr/o
Definition
vertebra
Term
rach/i
Definition
spine
Term
rachigraph
Definition
Device to outline the curves of the spine.
Term
rachiometer
Definition
Device to measure spinal curvature.
Term
rachiotome
Definition
Instrument for cutting the vertebrae.
Term
spondylalgia
Definition
Painful condition of a vertebra.
algia = condition of pain
Term
spondylitis
Definition
Inflammation of one or more vertebrae.
Term
spondylosis
Definition
Breaking down of a vertebral structure.
osis = abnormal condiditon or a pathological condition
Term
spondylopathy
Definition
Any disorder of a vertebra.
Term
rachialgia
Definition
Pain in the spine.
Term
rachitis
Definition
Inflammation of the spine. Rickets.
Term
rachioplegia
Definition
Paralysis of the spine (from Greek plēgē = paralysis).
Term
rachioscoliosis
Definition
Curvature of the spine (from Greek skoliosis = bending).
Term
rachiotomy
Definition
Surgical cutting of the spinal cord.
Term
spondylotherapy
Definition
Spinal therapy.
Term
spondylotomy
Definition
Surgical opening or cutting of vertebral canal. Rachitomy.
Term
arthragra
Definition
Acute pain in the joints (from Greek agra = seizure).
Term
arthralgia
Definition
Pain in a joint.
Term
arthritis
Definition
Inflammation of a joint.
Term
arthredema
Definition
Swelling of a joint.
edema = swelling
Term
arthrocele
Definition
Hernia of the synovial membrane (i.e. site of lubricating fluid for a joint)
cele = hernia
Term
arthrogryposis
Definition
Persistent contracture (i.e. stiffness or inability to move) of a joint (from Greek grupos = curved)
Term
arthroncus
Definition
Tumor of a joint (from Greek onkos = tumor).
Term
arthropathy
Definition
Any joint disease.
Term
arthrosynovitis
Definition
Inflammation of synovial membrane of a joint.
Term
arthrectomy
Definition
Excision of a joint.
Term
arthroclasia
Definition
Artificial breaking of a fixed joint to provide movement (from Greek klasis = breaking).
Term
arthrolysis
Definition
The operation of restoring movement to a fixed, i.e. anyloid (anylo/o=bent), joint.
Term
arthrostomy
Definition
Formation of a temporary opening in a joint for drainage purposes.
Term
arthrotomy
Definition
Cutting into a joint.
Term
chondrocostal
Definition
Pertaining to the rib cartilage (from Latin costa = rib).
Term
chondrogenesis
Definition
Formation of cartilage.
Term
chondroid
Definition
Resembling cartilage.
Term
chondrolysis
Definition
Breaking down and absorption of cartilage.
lysis = breakdown
Term
chondralgia
Definition
Pain in or around cartilage
Term
chondromalacia
Definition
Softness of any cartilage
Term
chondroporosis
Definition
Porous condition of cartilage
Term
chondroma
Definition
A cartilaginous tumor.
Term
chondralloplasia
Definition
Presence of cartilage in abnormal places (from Greek allos = other, plassein = to form).
Division of a muscle (from Greek diastasis = separation)
Term
myoma
Definition
A tumor containing muscle tissue.
Term
myoplegia
Definition
Paralysis of a muscle.
Term
myorrhexis
Definition
Rupture of a muscle
rrhexis = rupture, splitting, breaking
Term
myograph
Definition
Device to trace movements caused by muscle contraction.
Term
myoplasty
Definition
Surgical repair of muscle.
Term
myorrhaphy
Definition
Suture of a muscle.
rrhapy = suture in place
Term
myotenotomy
Definition
Division or dissection of a muscle tendon.
Term
myotomy
Definition
Division or dissection of a muscle.
Term
abduction
Definition
The lateral movement of the limbs away from the median plane of the body, or the lateral bending of the head or trunk
Term
adduction
Definition
Movement of a limb, or bending of trunk or head toward median plane of the body.
Term
atrophy
Definition
A wasting due to lack of nutrition or the reduction in size of a structure after having come to full functional maturity.
Term
bunion
Definition
Inflammation and thickening of the bursa of the joint of the big toe.
Term
cervicobrachial
Definition
Pertaining to the neck and the arm.
Term
cervicovesical
Definition
Pertaining to the cervix and the bladder.
Term
comminuted
Definition
Of fractures where the bone is crushed.
Term
contracture
Definition
Permanent contraction of a muscle due to spasm or paralysis
Term
crepitus
Definition
Crepitation = a grating sound heard on the movement of ends of broken bones.
Term
dorsiflexion
Definition
Movement of a part at a joint so as to bend the part toward the posterior aspect of the body. E.g. dorsiflexion of the foot = movement of the foot backward at the ankle. Backward bending.
Term
fascia
Definition
A fibrous membrane covering, supporting, and separating muscles.
Term
fascitis
Definition
Inflamed condition of a fascia.
Term
flexion
Definition
The act of bending or condition of being bent.
Term
ganglion
Definition
Cystic tumors developing on a tendon or aponeurosis (= a flat fibrous sheet of connective tissue which serves to attach muscle to bone or other tissues) - sometimes occurs on the back of the wrist.
Term
hallux
Definition
The big toe.
Term
hallux valgus
Definition
Hammertoe. Angulation of the great toe away from midline of body.
Term
hypophosphatemia
Definition
Phosphates below normal in the blood.
Term
hypertrophy
Definition
Increase in size of an organ which does not involve tumor formation.
Term
intertrochanteric
Definition
Of a fracture located between the two trochanters of the femur. (Trochanter = either of two processes below the neck of the femur).
Term
keratosis
Definition
Horny growth. Any condition of the skin characterized by the formation of horny growths.
Term
lordosis
Definition
Abnormal anterior convexity of the spine.
Term
lumbrosacral
Definition
Pertaining to the lumbar vertebrae and the sacrum.
Term
orthopedic, orthopaedic
Definition
Concerning the branch of medical science which deals with prevention or correction of disorders involving locomotor structures of the body, especially the skeleton, joints, fascia, and muscles
Term
palsy
Definition
Temporary or permanent loss of sensation or loss of ability to control movement.
Term
paraplegia
Definition
Paralysis of the lower part of the body and both legs.
Term
poliomyelitis
Definition
Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord. (Gr. Myelos = marrow).
Term
pronation
Definition
The act of lying prone or face down
Term
prosthesis
Definition
Replacing of a missing part with an artificial substitute. An artificial limb or organ.
Term
quadriplegia
Definition
Paralysis affecting all four limbs
can be called tetraplegia
Term
reduction
Definition
Restoration to normal position, as a fractured bone or hernia.
Term
rheumatoid
Definition
Resembling acute and chronic conditions characterized by soreness and stiffness of muscles, and pain in joints and associated structures.
Term
sacroiliac
Definition
Pertaining to the sacrum and ilium.
Term
supination
Definition
Act of lying flat on the back
Term
subcutaneous
Definition
Beneath the skin.
Term
synovectomy
Definition
Excision of the synovial membrane. (Gr. syn = with, together).
Term
synovial
Definition
Pertaining to synovia, the lubricating fluid of joints. (Gr. syn = with, together + oon, ov- = egg);
Term
synovitis
Definition
Inflammation of the synovial membrane.
Term
syntonic
Definition
Pertaining to a personality marked by even temperament, a normal emotional responsiveness to life situations.
Term
tendosynovitis
Definition
Inflammation of the sheath of a tendon or the tendon itself.
Term
tendinitis
Definition
Inflammation of a tendon.
Term
ankylosis
Definition
abnormal immobility
Term
digital phalanges
Definition
phalanges farthest from the palm of the hand
Term
angitis, vasculitis
Definition
inflammation of a blood vessel or lymph duct
Term
leukocytosis
Definition
an increase in the number of white blood cells
Term
ischemia
Definition
local and temporary anemia due to obstruction of the circulation to a part
Term
lumbosacral joint
Definition
The joint that articulates the spine with the pelvis
Term
fibrositis
Definition
inflammatory hyperplasia (abnormal proliferation of cells) of the white fibrous tissue
synonym is muscular rheumatism
Term
gout
Definition
Excessive uric acid in the blood that may cause acute arthritis
Term
osteodystrophia
Definition
a condition of defective bone growth
Term
scoliosis
Definition
Scoliosis involves a lateral curvature of the spine.
Term
congenital
Definition
present at birth
Term
phalanx
Definition
toes or fingers
toe or finger
Term
plantar
Definition
bottom of foot
Term
Roentgenographic examination
Definition
examination by X-Ray
Term
Osteolytic
Definition
destruction of bones
Term
sequestrum
Definition
a fragment of necrosed bone
Term
Necrotic
Definition
death of a portion of tissue
Term
sclerotic
Definition
hardened
Term
curetted
Definition
scraped cavity
Term
Right temporoparietal
Definition
refers to the right temple and the bone which forms the roof and right side of the skull
Term
Subdural
Definition
below the dura mater
Term
hematoma
Definition
blood tumor
Term
Comatose
Definition
a condition of abnormally deep stupor
Term
Triceps
Definition
muscle in arm
means three heads
Term
Ectopic
Definition
in an abnormal position
Term
Ossification
Definition
formation of bone
Term
Pharynx
Definition
(from Greek pharyngx, pharyngos) serves as the passageway for air from nasal cavity to larynx and for food from mouth to esophagus. Lying behind the mouth, nasal cavities and the larynx, it has three parts: the nasal pharynx, oral pharynx, and laryngeal pharynx. The combining form for pharynx is pharyng/o
Term
Esophagus
Definition
(from Greek oisophagos) is a muscular canal extending from the pharynx to the stomach. From glands located in the esophagus, a mucous liquid is secreted which aids the passage of food. The combining form for esophagus is esophag/o.
Term
pharyng/o
Definition
Pharynx
Term
esophag/o
Definition
Esophagus
Term
Salivary Glands
Definition
The three pairs of salivary glands are sublingual, submaxillary (also called submandibular), and the parotid.
Term
Gall bladder
Definition
The combining form indicating gall bladder is cholecyst/o (from Greek cholē = bile and kustis = bladder), and indeed, another word for gall bladder is cholecyst. The gall bladder is a pear shaped sac located on the underside of the liver, and it holds bile from the liver.
Term
cholecyst/o
Definition
gall bladder
Term
Liver
Definition
The combining from for the liver is hepat/o (from Greek hēpar, hēpatos). The liver is the site of many metabolic functions, of which the most important is the secretion of bile.
Term
hepat/o
Definition
Liver
Term
Stomach
Definition
The combining forms meaning stomach are gastr/o (from Greek gastēr) and abdomin/o (from Latin abdomen). The word stomach is from a Greek word, stomachos, from which you should recognize another word part that you know, stoma, an opening.
Term
gastr/o, abdomin/o
Definition
Stomach
Term
Duodenum
Definition
(from Latin duodeni meaning twelve) is the first part of the small intestines connecting with the pylorus (the lower orifice of the stomach) and extending to the jejunum. The combining form for duodenum is duoden/o.
Term
duoden/o.
Definition
Duodenum
Term
Pancreas
Definition
The pancreas (from Greek pan meaning "all" and kreas meaning "flesh") produces both an internal and external secretion. The external secretion is called pancreatic juice. The pancreatic juice passes through the duodenum where it plays an important role in digestion. The internal secretion includes the hormones insulin and glucagon. Excessive secretion of insulin results in hypoglycemia (hypo = lower, glyc/o = sugar, em = blood), the condition of lowered blood sugar. The combining form for pancreas is pancre/o.
Term
pancre/o
Definition
Pancreas
Term
Jejunum
Definition
The jejunum (from Latin ieiunus meaning “empty”) is the second portion of the small intestines (after the duodenum). The lower three-fifths is the ileum (Latin ileum meaning "groin"). The combining forms are ile/o for ileum and jejun/o for jejunum.
Term
jejun/o
Definition
Jejunum
Term
Ileocecal juncture
Definition
The ileocecal juncture is the point where the small intestines open into the ascending colon. Here is located the ileocecal valve, a muscle which prevents food from reentering the small intestines.
Term
Caecum
Definition
The caecum or cecum (from Latin caecum meaning "blindness" or “blind”) is a blind pouch or cul-de-sac, which forms the first portion of the large intestines, located at the ileocecal juncture. It bears at its lower end the appendix (also called the vermiform process).
Term
Colon
Definition
Beginning at the cecum, the first part of the large intestines, the ascending colon, passes up to the transverse colon and eventually down to the descending colon. The combining form indicating the intestines is enter/o. The large intestines fittingly conclude with the rectum (from Latin rectus meaning "straight"). The combining forms for rectum are rect/o, proct/o, and an/o.
Term
enter/o
Definition
intestines
Term
rect/o, proct/o, and an/o.
Definition
rectum
Term
chol/e
Definition
bile
Term
Col/o
Definition
colon
Term
masticate
Definition
to chew
Term
gastrojejunostomy
Definition
Surgical creation of a communication (i.e., opening) between the stomach and the jejunum
Term
gastroduodenostomy
Definition
Creation of an artificial opening between the stomach and the duodenum
gastro/duoden/os/tomy
os = opening
Term
cholelithiasis
Definition
Formation or presence of calculi or bilestones in the bile/duct or gall bladder.
gallstones or bilestones
Term
cholangiogram
Definition
Term
choledocholithotomy
Definition
Removal of a gall stone through an incision into the bile duct.
The surgical procedure is an incision of the common bile duct to remove stones
Term
periton
Definition
peritoneum
Term
ileostomy
Definition
Term
anticholinergic
Definition
Impeding the actions or impulses of the fibers of the parasympathetic nerves (one effect of the parasympathetic stimulation is the contraction of smooth muscle of the alimentary canal, i.e. the digestive tract). (aliment/o from Latin alimentum meaning "nourishment"). [cholinergic: stimulated, activated, or transmitted by choline (acetylcholine), as the parasympathetic nerves].
Term
aliment/o
Definition
nourishment
Term
anorexia
Definition
Loss of appetite. (an = without + Greek orexis = appetite).
Term
anastomosis
Definition
The surgical or pathological formation of a passage between any two normally distinct spaces or organs. (from Greek stoma = opening)
Term
–stomy
Definition
opening
Term
–tomy
Definition
cutting
Term
antrectomy
Definition
Excision of the walls of an antrum (from Latin antrum meaning "cavity").
Term
alkalosis
Definition
A condition in which the alkalinity of the body tends to increase beyond normal. (from Arabic al-quality = ashes of salt wart).
Term
acidosis
Definition
A disturbance in the acid-base balance of the body in which there is an accumulation of acids (as in diabetes) or loss of bicarbonates (as in renal disease).
Term
achalasia
Definition
Failure to relax, as muscles not relaxing after contraction. (a = without + Greek chalasis = relaxation).
Term
borborygmus
Definition
A gurgling, splashing sound heard over the large intestine, caused by the passage of flatus (i.e. gas). (from Greek borborygmos
Term
cathartic
Definition
An active purgative, usually causing several bowel movements (from Greek kathartikos = purging).
Term
defecation
Definition
Evacuation of the bowels (Latin defaecare = to remove dregs).
Term
dehiscence
Definition
A bursting open, as an abdominal wound (from Latin dehiscere = to gape).
Term
distention
Definition
The state of being stretched out or inflated. (from Latin distendere = to stretch out).
Term
diverticulum
Definition
A sac or pouch in the walls of a canal or organ.
Term
dyspepsia
Definition
Imperfect digestion (dys = bad + Greek peptein = to digest).
Term
dysphagia
Definition
Inability or difficulty in swallowing (Greek phagein = to eat).
Term
emesis
Definition
Vomiting.
Term
eructation
Definition
Belching (from Latin eructare = to belch).
Term
flatus
Definition
Intestinal gas.
Term
flatulence
Definition
Excessive amount of intestinal gas.
Term
hyperemesis
Definition
Excessive vomiting
Term
hyperemia
Definition
Congestion. An unusual amount of blood in a part
Term
hyperkalemia
Definition
Excessive amount of potassium in the blood (Latin kalium = potassium).
Term
hypernitremia
Definition
Excess of nitrogen in the blood.
Term
hypokalemia
Definition
Extreme potassium depletion in the circulating blood.
Term
hyponatremia
Definition
Decreased amount of sodium in the blood. (Arabic natrun = carbonate of soda).
Term
hypocalcemia
Definition
Abnormally low blood calcium
Term
hypochondriac region
Definition
Part of the abdomen beneath lower ribs on both sides of the epigastrium.
Term
inguinal hernia
Definition
Hernia in the region of the groin (Latin inguinalis = pertaining to the groin).
Term
intolerance
Definition
Inability to endure or incapacity for bearing, as pain, or the effects of a drug, or other substance.
Term
jaundice
Definition
A condition characterized by yellowness of skin, whiteness of eyes, mucous membranes, and body fluids, due to deposition of bile pigment. (Latin galbinus = yellowishgreen; French jaunisse = yellow).
Term
Lesion
Definition
An injury or wound or infected patch on the skin. (Latin laesio = wound).
Term
malaise
Definition
(French) Discomfort, uneasiness, indisposition, often a sign of disease.
Term
malnutrition
Definition
Lack of necessary or proper food substances in the body or improper absorption and distribution of them.
Term
megacolon
Definition
Extremely dilated colon
Term
melena
Definition
Evacuations resembling tar, due to actions of intestinal juices on free blood (from Greek melas = black).
Term
mucosal
Definition
Concerning any mucous membrane
Term
necrotic
Definition
Relating to death of a portion of a tissue (from Greek nekros = death).
Term
perirectal
Definition
Extending around the rectum.
Term
polymorphonuclear
Definition
Possessing a nucleus consisting of several parts or lobes connected by fine strands (Greek morphē = form).
Term
pruritus
Definition
Severe itching (Latin prurire = to itch).
Term
pyloroplasty
Definition
Operation to repair the pylorus.
Term
pylorus
Definition
the region of the stomach that connects to the duodenum
Term
reflux
Definition
A return or backward flow (Latin fluere = flux).
Term
steatorrhea
Definition
Fatty stools, as seen in pancreatic diseases (from Greek steatos = fatty + Greek rhoia = a flow).
Term
tenesmus
Definition
Spasmodic contraction of anal or vesicle sphincter with pain and persistent desire to empty the bowel or bladder, with involuntary, ineffectual straining efforts (from Greek teinesmos = a stretching).
Term
vagotomy
Definition
[image]
Term
diarrhea
Definition
passage of watery bowel movements
Term
-ectomy
Definition
removal of something
Term
antrectomy
Definition
Excision of the entire antrum of the stomach
Term
Choledocholithiasis
Definition
points to a more specific site for gallstones or calculi and that is the common bile duct
Term
choledo
Definition
bile duct
Term
crypt
Definition
a small sac or cavity extending into an epithelial tissue
Term
hemorrhoids
Definition
Varicose veins in the anal canal
Term
diuretic
Definition
an agent which increases the secretion of urine
Term
Lung
Definition
(from Anglo-Saxon lungen) The lung is one of two cone-shaped, spongy organs of respiration contained within the pleural cavity (the pleural is a membrane that enfolds the lungs, from Greek pleura meaning side).
Term
pneumon/o, pneum/o, pne/o
Definition
Lung
or
To breathe (apnea)
Term
Trachea
Definition
(from Greek tracheia meaning rough) The trachea is a cartilaginous tube from the larynx to the bronchi, also called the windpipe
Term
trache/o
Definition
Trachea
Term
Bronchus
Definition
(plural bronchi): (from Greek bronchos meaning windpipe) The bronchus is one of two large branches of the trachea which provide a passageway for air moving to and from the lungs. They penetrate the lungs and terminate in the bronchioles.
Term
bronch/i, bronch/o
Definition
Bronchus
Term
Thorax
Definition
(from Greek thōrax, thorakos meaning the trunk of the body) The thorax is the part of the body between the neck and the diaphragm
Term
thorac/o
Definition
Thorax
Term
Diaphragm
Definition
(from Greek diaphragma meaning a partition) The diaphragm is a musculo-membranous wall separating the abdomen from the thoracic cavity. It contracts with each inspiration (i.e. inhalation) and relaxes with each expiration.
Term
phren/o, diaphragm/o, diaphragmat/o
Definition
Diaphragm
Term
laryng/o
Definition
larynx - voice box located at begining of trachea
Term
hyperpnea
Definition
Term
dyspnea
Definition
Air hunger resulting in difficult breathing
Term
oligopnea
Definition
Term
tachypnea
Definition
Abnormal rapidity of respiration
Term
orthopnea
Definition
[image]
Term
pyothorax
Definition
Pus in the pleural cavity
Term
ortho-
Definition
prefix meaning erect or standing up
Term
pyo-
Definition
prefix meaning pus
Term
analgesia
Definition
Absence of normal sense of pain (an = without + Greek algos = pain).
Term
antitussive
Definition
An agent that prevents or inhibits coughing (anti = against + Latin tussis = cough).
Term
aphonia
Definition
Inability to produce speech sounds from the larynx (from Greek phonē = voice).
Term
arthralgia
Definition
Pain in a joint (from Greek arthron = joint).
Term
atelectasis
Definition
A collapse or airless condition of the lung (from Greek atelēs = imperfect + ektasis = expansion).
Term
bradycardia
Definition
Slow heart action (from Greek bradys = slow).
Term
cardiac palpitation
Definition
Rapid, violent throbbing or fluttering of the heart
Term
convulsion
Definition
Paroxysms (sudden recurrence or intensification) of involuntary muscular contractions and relaxations
Term
cyanosis
Definition
A bluish, slatelike discoloration of the skin due to the presence of a reduced amount of hemoglobin in the blood (from Greek kuanos = blue).
Term
dysphagia
Definition
Inability or difficulty in swallowing (Greek phagein = to eat).
Term
dilate
Definition
Expand (from Latin dilatare = to expand).
Term
diaphoresis
Definition
Profuse sweating (from Greek pherein = to carry).
Term
emphysema
Definition
A condition in which the alveoli of the lungs become distended or ruptured (from Greek emphysan = to inflate).
Term
epistaxis
Definition
Nosebleed (from Greek stazein = to drip).
Term
expectorate
Definition
To expel mucus or phlegm from the throat or lungs (Latin pectus, pectoris = breast).
Term
febrile
Definition
Feverish (Latin febris = fever).
Term
hemoptysis
Definition
Expectoration of blood due to hemorrhage from the larynx, bronchi, trachea, or lungs (from Greek ptuein = to spit).
Term
hepatosplenomegaly
Definition
Enlargement of both liver and spleen.
Term
hyperventilation
Definition
Hyperpnea; increased inspiration and expiration
Term
hypotension
Definition
Decrease of systolic and diastolic blood pressure below normal. Deficiency in tonus or tension
Term
hypoxia
Definition
Anoxia. Lack of an adequate amount of oxygen in inspired air such as occurs at high altitudes.
Term
intrathoracic
Definition
Within the thorax.
Term
lymphadenopathy
Definition
Disease of the lymph nodes (from Greek adēn = gland).
Term
mediastinum
Definition
A septum between two principal portions of an organ. The folds of the pleura and intervening space between the right and left lung.
Term
oliguria
Definition
Diminished amount of urine formation.
Term
peritonsillar abscess
Definition
Quinsy. A peritonsillar abscess due to bacterial inflammation of the tonsillar area
Term
serosanguinous
Definition
Containing or of the nature of serum and blood (Latin sanguineus = bloody).
Term
sputum
Definition
Substance obtained by coughing or clearing the throat (Latin sputum).
Term
stertorous
Definition
Pertaining to loud breathing producing a snoring sound (Latin sterto = to snore).
Term
tachycardia
Definition
Abnormal rapidity of heart action
Term
thrombus
Definition
A blood clot (pl. =thrombi, from Greek thrombos)
Term
tracheostomy
Definition
Tracheotomy. (N.B. -ostomy and -otomy are interchangeable only in this word). Surgical creation of an opening in the trachea. Tracheotomy is the cutting of the trachea and usually done for insertion of a tube.
Term
vasoconstriction
Definition
Causing constriction of the blood vessels
Term
rhinitis
Definition
commonly known as a stuffy nose, is the medical term describing irritation and inflammation of some internal areas of the nose
Term
peritonsillar abscess
Definition
a collection of pus in a cavity (abscess) of the periteneum
Term
thoracodynia
Definition
A sharp pain in the chest
Term
pleurisy
Definition
Inflammation of the serous membrane that enfolds the lungs
Term
thoracobronchotomy
Definition
ncision through the chest wall into the bronchus
Term
thoracomyodynia
Definition
pain in the chest muscle
Term
pneumothorax
Definition
a collection of air in the pleural cavity
Term
pneumohemothorax
Definition
gas or air and blood collected in the pleural cavity
