Term
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Definition
| A clear, yellowish fluid (the color of straw), it constitutes more than half of the blood's volume and consists mostly of water containing dissolved salts (electrolytes) and proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| The major protein in plasma which keep fluid from leaking out of blood vessels and into tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| This protein binds to and carries hormones and certain drugs through the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Component of the blood that transports oxygen with the hemoglobin molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| These cells circulate in the blood so that they can be transported to an area where an infection has developed. |
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Term
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Definition
| In a normal adult body there are 4,000 to 10,000 (average 7,000) of these cells per microliter of blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| These WBC's are the body’s main defenses against bacteria. They kill bacteria by phagocytosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Immature neutrophils that are seen in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
Granulocytes that kill parasites
and have a role in allergic reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| Release histamine (which causes blood vessels to leak and attracts WBCs) and heparin (which prevents clotting in the infected area so that the WBCs can reach the bacteria). |
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Term
| T lymphocytes and Natural Killer Cells |
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Definition
| Two types of lymphocytes that help protect against viral infections and can detect and destroy some cancer cells, |
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Term
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Definition
| Lymphocyte which develop into cells that produce antibodies |
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Term
| Reticuloendothelial System |
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Definition
| The system of macrophages scattered throughout the body |
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Term
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Definition
Type of WBC that phagocytize bacteria (up to 100 in their lifetime) throughout the body.
They destroy old, damaged and dead cells in the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of WBC found in the liver, spleen, lungs, lymph nodes, skin and intestine. |
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Term
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Definition
| _________ are formed in the bone marrow from megakaryocyte. They do not contain a nucleus and do not reproduce. |
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Term
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Definition
| The standard test for the evaluation of blood cells that indicates # of red blood cells, total # of white blood cells, and # of platelets per microliter of blood |
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Term
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Definition
| % of blood volume comprised of RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
| Hemoglobin range for males |
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Term
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Definition
| Hemoglobin range for females |
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Term
3 times Hemoglobin
men: 39%-49%
women: 36-46% |
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Definition
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Term
Altitude (by 1 g/dL for every 3-4$ decrease in O2), Stress of venipuncture (by 1 g/dL),
Upright position (by 0.7 g/dL), and
Smoking (by 0.5-1.0 g/dL) |
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Definition
| Factors that increase Hemoglobin |
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Term
| Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) |
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Definition
Measure of the size or volume of the average RBC
Measure of the size or volume of the average RBC |
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Term
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Definition
| Based on MCV, a decrease in RBC volume (<80 fL) is known as __________. |
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Term
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Definition
| Based on MCV, normal RBC volume (80 – 100 fL) is known as __________. |
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Term
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Definition
| Based on MCV, an elevation in RBC voulme (> 100 fL) is known as _________. |
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Term
| Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) |
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Definition
| Weight of HB in the average cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration range in men |
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Term
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Definition
| Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration range in women |
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Term
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Definition
| Measure of the size variability of RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| WHen CBC is abnormal, this should be examined |
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Term
|
Definition
| Normal Hemoglobin varies with ______, ________, and _________. |
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Term
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Definition
50% of patients with hereditary spherocytosis
Have a MCHC greater than ______ |
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Term
|
Definition
| Reference range for Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin |
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Term
| RDW (red blood cell distribution width) |
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Definition
| An increased __________ may precede an abnormality in Hb or MCV |
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Term
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Definition
| RBCs that are larger than normal RBCs and appear polychromatic, they are immature RBCs produced in response to an anemic state |
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Term
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Definition
| Grayish-blue color of the cytoplasm in reticulocytes caused by ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| A cell organelle made of ribosomal RNA and protein |
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Term
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Definition
| Normal Retic count is between |
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Term
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Definition
| __________ are found in greater numbers and of less maturity in disease states characterized by an invasion of the bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
| How many hours may reticuloctosis take to manifest, following bone marrow stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| How many days do platelets generally last |
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Term
150 to 350 X 103/mm3
Or
150 to 350 X 109 |
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Definition
| Reference range of platelets |
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Term
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Definition
Decreased hemoglobin resulting in decreased
oxygen carrying capacity of blood |
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Term
|
Definition
| Characterized by weakness, fatigue, pallor, malaise, SOB, and dyspnea |
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Term
|
Definition
| MCH < 27 pg is termed ________. |
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Term
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Definition
| MCH between 27-33pg is termed ________. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anemias with decreased production of RBC's |
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Term
| Normocytic Hypoproliferative anemia |
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Definition
| Early iron deficiency anemia; anemia of chronic disease; renal failure; aplastic anemia ( bone marrow stem cell failure ); replacement of bone marrow ( e.g. with hematologic malignancies, metastatic cancer |
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Term
| Microcytic Hypoproliferative anemia |
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Definition
Iron deficiency anemia; anemia of chronic disease; thalassemias
special iron studies which are used to distinguish between the different types of microcytic anemias: serum iron; serum ferritin; total iron binding capacity |
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Term
| Macrocytic Hypoproliferative anemia |
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Definition
Megaloblastic anemias: vitamin B12 deficiency; folate deficiency
other causes of macrocytic anemia:
e.g. liver disease, alcohol abuse; drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| Anemias associated with premature, increased destruction of RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of anemia characterized by increased reticulocyte count; decreased plasma haptoglobin; increased plasma unconjugated bilirubin; hemoglobinuria ( increased hemoglobin in urine ); hemoglobinemia ( increased free hemoglobin in blood ) |
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Term
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Definition
| RBC shearing as they pass through vessels causes |
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Term
| Hemolytic Anemia: Shearing of RBC's |
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Definition
| Excessive formation of clots in small vessels and prosthetic heart valves may cause |
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Term
| Hemolytic anemias; acute blood loss; appropriate response to treatment of anemia with iron, vitamin B12, or folate |
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Definition
| Causes of increased production of RBC by the bone marrow (as indicated by increased reticulocyte count ) |
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Term
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Definition
| Organ that removes old or defective red blood cells; by phagocytizing aging RBCs, and converting their hemoglobin into bilirubin and iron |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Indicates specific information about RBC prevalence in blood, size, and production |
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Term
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Definition
| Reference range for WBC count |
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Term
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Definition
| Reference range for RBC count |
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Term
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Definition
| Reference range for platelet count |
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Term
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Definition
| Reference range for Neutrophils |
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Term
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Definition
| Reference range of Monocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| Reference range of Eosinophils |
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Term
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Definition
| Reference range of Basophils |
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Term
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Definition
| Made up of 4 protein globin chains: ( each chain has a heme group ) in adult: 98% of Hemoglobin is hemoglobin A 2 alpha chains ; 2 beta chains |
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Term
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Definition
| Red pigment consisting of porphyrin ring with iron in center; iron binds oxygen for transport |
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Term
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Definition
| Percent of RBC's destroyed and replenished at the end of normal lifespan each day |
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Term
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Definition
This hormone produced by kidney, stimulates
division and maturation of primitive stem cells in bone marrow |
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Term
| insufficient erythropoietin production associated with renal failure, destruction of primitive stem cells, and replacement of normal bone marrow stem cells with cancer results in anemia |
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Definition
| What can cause decreased RBC production resulting in anemia? |
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Term
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Definition
| Normal RBC production is dependent on ______ and ______. |
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Term
| Macrocytic (Megaloblastic) anemia (Pernicious) |
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Definition
| Deficiencies in B12 and folate, hypothyroidism; liver disease; alcoholism; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are all caused by this type of anemia |
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Term
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Definition
| Approx how long does it take for a reticulocytes to completely mature into an RBC |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| % of anemias with decreased production of RBC's |
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Term
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Definition
| Most common microcytic anemia worldwide |
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Term
CHRONIC BLOOD LOSS:
-GI blood loss
-Gynecologic blood loss |
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Definition
| causes of iron deficiency anemia |
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Term
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Definition
| Anemias due to both decreased production and increased destruction of RBC, most often seen in Mediterranean, Southeast Asian, African patients |
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Term
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Definition
| Decreased synthesis of beta chains |
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Term
|
Definition
decreased synthesis of alpha chains
-generally milder than beta thalassemias
-cells have abnormal cell membranes and are destroyed in spleen |
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Term
-serum iron
-serum ferritin: indicator of body iron stores
-total iron binding capacity ( TIBC ) |
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Definition
| IRON STUDIES USED TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA, ANEMIA OF CHRONIC DISEASE, AND THALASSEMIA MINOR |
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Term
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Definition
| Anemia characterized by decreased Hemoglobin, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia |
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Term
|
Definition
| An indication for bone marrow biopsy |
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Term
|
Definition
| An autoimmune disease in which antibodies destroy gastric parietal cells and/or intrinsic factor; this results in decreased intrinsic factor; inability to absorb B12 |
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Term
|
Definition
| large, oval, fully hemoglobinized RBC ( seen on peripheral blood smear ) |
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Term
| Hypersegmented neutrophils |
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Definition
| Abnormal neutrophils with too many nuclear lobes seen on peripheral blood smear |
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Term
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Definition
| : bilirubin that has not been conjugated to glucuronic acid in the liver - this is the bilirubin that increases with hemolytic anemias |
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Term
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Definition
| Bilirubin that has been conjugated to glucuronic acid in the liver |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of patients with sickle cell anemia chategorized by shortened lifespan ( median life expectancy = 40s ) |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of patients with sickle cell anemia seen in 8 -10% African Americans ( also seen in Caucasians etc. ); have normal lifespan. These patients have normal RBC indices ( Hgb, Hct , reticulocyte count etc ), and normal RBC shape |
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Term
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Definition
| chronic hemolytic anemia with intermittent painful crises associated with tissue necrosis characterized by structurally abnormal hemoglobin with altered beta globin chain aggregates in RBC; this aggregation of Hgb gives RBCs a rigid “sickle” shape |
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Term
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Definition
This disease causes increased susceptibility to infections ( because of autosplenectomy- necrosis of the spleen )
strokes; seizures
respiratory, heart, kidney disease
bilirubin gallstones |
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Term
| Hemoglobin electrophoresis |
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Definition
| shows abnormal Hgb S band and allows diagnosis of both sickle cell disease and sickle cell trait |
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Term
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Definition
| RBC's that are torn apart as they pass through small clots |
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Term
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Definition
| Patient’s own antibodies are directed against their own RBCs e.g. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus |
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Term
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Definition
| The most frequent cause of death in the U.S. |
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Term
| Blood clot and cocaine use |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Chest symptoms associated with MI are frequently atypical or absent, and ECG abnormalities may be nonspecific or absent, so diagnosis of acute MI has increasingly depended on evaluation of ___________ |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins released by necrotic cardiac cells into the blood |
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Term
| Intracellular location, size and whether there is reperfusion (damage to tissue after ischemia) |
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Definition
| Rate of release of proteins markers by myocardial cells depends upon the following |
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Term
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Definition
| Cytoplasmic oxygen binding protein ( similar to hemoglobin) in cardiac and skeletal muscle |
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Term
First detected: 1-4 hours
Peaks: 6-9 hours
Returns to normal: 24-36 hours |
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Definition
| Time course of myoglobin (first detected, peak, returns to normal) |
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Term
| because it is soluble and free in the cytoplasm, and is a small protein |
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Definition
| Why is myoglobin released early after MI |
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Term
| NONSPECIFIC: COULD BE ELEVATED DUE TO SKELETAL MUSCLE INJURY and VARIOUS DRUGS, therefore most hospitals don't use myoglobin as an indicator for MI |
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Definition
| DISADVANTAGE OF MYOGLOBIN |
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Term
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Definition
| Reference range of Myoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
| catalyzes the regeneration of ATP from ADP using the high-energy phosphate bond in creatine phosphate ( important reservoir of high-energy phosphate bonds ). ATP is energy source for muscle contraction |
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Term
| Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, brain and other tissue |
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Definition
| Creatine kinase is found in what muscles |
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Term
First detected: 4-8 hours
Peaks: 24-36 hours
Returns to normal 2-3 days |
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Definition
| Time course of Total Creatine Kinase (first detected, peaks, returns to normal) |
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Term
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Definition
| CK-MM is predominantly found in what type of muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| CK-MB is predominantly found in what type of muscle |
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Term
|
Definition
| CK-BB is predominantly found in the ______ |
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Term
First detected: 4-6 hours
Peaked: 12-24 hours
Returns to normal: 24-36 hours |
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Definition
| Time course of CK-MB (first detected, peaks, returns to normal) |
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Term
|
Definition
Used for early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction
note: at least 12 hours is needed to detect elevations in ALL PATIENTS who have had a MI |
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Term
| not entirely specific for cardiac muscle- may see elevation with skeletal muscle injury ( see examples listed for myoglobin ); more specific than myoglobin |
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Definition
| Disadvantage of Creatine Kinase-MB |
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Term
|
Definition
| Regulate cardiac muscle contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| Tissue source of troponin |
|
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Term
| Lab test is pretty specific because it includes a monoclonal antibody directed toward cardiac muscle form |
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Definition
| Describe lab test specificity for troponin in cardiac muscle |
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Term
First detected 4- 6 hours
Peaks: 14-18 hours
Returns to normal: 10 DAYS |
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Definition
| What is the TIME COURSE OF TROPONIN I AND T |
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Term
| A MICROINFARCT HAS TAKEN PLACE, AND THAT THE PATIENT SHOULD BE ADMITTED WITH DIAGNOSIS OF MI |
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Definition
| if patient has symptoms consistent with MI but CK- MB is negative, elevation of troponins suggests what |
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Term
| Not good for assessing if another infarction or extension of infarction has occurred during hospitalization, because it is detected up to 10 days after original MI (CK-MB is better bc it normalizes 24-36 hours after MI) |
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Definition
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|
Term
FIRST ON ADMISSION, AND THEN
6-8 HOURS APART. |
|
Definition
| When admitted to the hospital for MI, when should serial measurement be obtained |
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Term
| Total CK, CK-MB, and troponin (in some hospitals myoglobin) |
|
Definition
| When admitted for possible MI what serial measurements should be obtained? |
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Term
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Definition
| Causes > 500,000 deaths in the United States per year |
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Term
|
Definition
| Main constituent of cell membranes; metabolic precursor for steroid hormones |
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Term
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Definition
95% of ft stored in body’s adipose tissue
Main Function: provide energy for cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Consist of complexes of lipids and proteins that TRANSPORT LIPID IN PLASMA BECAUSE THEY ARE WATER SOLUBLE |
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Term
| Chylomicrons and Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDL) |
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Definition
| Subtype of Licoproteins rich in triglycerides |
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Term
| Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL) |
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Definition
| Subtype of Licoproteins that are rich in cholesterol; most harmful in causing atherosclerotic lesions |
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Term
| Intermediate Density Lipoproteins |
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Definition
| Cholesterol amount intermediate to that of VLDL and LDL |
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Term
| High Density Lipoproteins (HDL) |
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Definition
| Subtype of licoproteins initially low in cholesterol, but then carry cholesterol away from atherosclerotic lesions; protective against coronary heart disease |
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Term
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Definition
A pathologic process in which the lumens
of large arteries are narrowed due to fibrofatty lesions arising in
the vascular intima ( plaques ) |
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Term
|
Definition
EXOGENOUS or ENDOGENOUS?
Dietary lipids are digested in intestine ( by pancreatic lipase and bile salts ) and absorbed by intestinal mucosa |
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Term
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Definition
EXOGENOUS or ENDOGENOUS?
VLDL is made by liver and then circulates in plasma |
|
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Term
| Increasing age, Family history, genetic abnormalities |
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Definition
| Non-modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis |
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