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occurs when a moral agent is faced with two or more conflicting courses of action but only one can be chosen |
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when a moral agent knows what the morally appropriate course of action is buy meets up against external barriers, internal resistance, or a high level of uncertainty |
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| a systematic study of and reflection on morality |
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| guidelines that are "designed to preserve the very fabric of society...the guidelines become a natural language and behavior that describe the way things ought to be and what types of things we should value" |
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the "language" that has evolved to identify intrinsic things in a person, group, or society holds dear
ex) freedom, equality, hard work, pride |
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| Six Step Process of ethical decision making |
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1. Gather relevant information
2. Identify the type of ethical problem
3. Analyze the problem using ethics theories or approaches
4. Explore the practical alternatives
5. Act
6. Evaluate the process and outcome |
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| certain actions required of you if you are to play your part in preventing harm and building a society where individuals can thrive |
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| language used to describe traits and dispositions or attitudes that are needed to be able to trust each other and provide for human flourishing in times of stress (trust, courage, honesty) |
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the collage of values, duties, actions, and character traits each person adopts as relevant for his/her life
(what you do/believe when others aren't watching) |
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unspoken codes that everyone "knows"
ex) don't hurt kids, ask if others are okay |
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contains values and ideas of duty that spring from deep religious, philosophic, and anthropologic beliefs about humans and their relationship with God, with each other, and with the natural world
ex) being conservative, not showy -- change over time |
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we are members of groups -- usually more than one. These can be your job, religious group, club, sorority, ethnic group, or political org.
May have their own professional morality as well as adopting their moral guidelines |
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a responsibility to intervene on behalf of persons under circumstances:
save their life, prevent suicide, protect harm as an innocent 3rd party, protect them as a bearer of the "integrity of the professions" |
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govern professional practice and are both responsibilites and protections and rights
can practice after completion of all formal professional requirements
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allows individuals who believe it is morally wrong to participate to be exempt from having to do so
ex) abortion, euthenaisa |
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a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the asbsence of disease or infirmity
- some ethical decisions will be influenced by this |
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a shared responsibility in which patients and providers each must communitcate in ways the other can understand
- not simply just the ability to read |
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| tools/tests for patients health literacy to see if they can read certain words they might understand or be exposed to |
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| Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act (HIPAA) |
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| sets national standards for the security of electronic protected health information; privacy |
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| ethical goal of every health professional and patient relationship |
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| a request made verbally or nonverbally by virtue of the expectations people have of your professional role |
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| Characteristics of a Caring Response |
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1. Navigation between friendly & professional conduct
2. Care as expressed through technical competence
3. Care as professional responsibility = accountability + responsiveness |
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extent to which the patient's behavior matches the prescriber's recommendations
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| doctor & patient agree theraputic decisions that incorporate their respective views |
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| extent to which the patient's behavior matches agreed recommendations from the prescriber; patient decides to listen/adhere to the doctor's advice or not |
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| a person who acts for themselves or in the place of another by the authority of that person & does so by conforming to a standard right of behavior |
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| Prototypes of Ethical Problems |
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1. Moral distress
2. Ethical dilemmas
3. Locus of authority problems |
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an accumulation of compromises that takes a heavy toll on one's integrity
ex) bad cop in movie who is corrupt but started as good |
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problem that arises from an ethical question of who should have the authority to make an important ethical decision
- WHO is the rightful moral agent to carry out the course of action & held responsible |
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| the complex thought process that health professionals use during therapeutic interactions |
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| prevent harm to others or self |
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| what's going to help the most, benefit for this patient |
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| staying loyal to patient; patient can trust you |
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| be independent, think for themselves, make own decisions |
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| honesty and not hiding anything from the patient |
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| fairness, equitable distribution of good and bad |
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doctor can make decision for the patient when they aren't capable
ex) Mr. P in case #1 |
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| a framework for understanding the condition of the patient. Involves use of scientific methods such as hypothosis testing, cue & pattern identification & evidence related to a diagnosis |
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a framework for understanding the patient's "life story" or illness experience
-helps clinicians make sense of patient's past, present, and future |
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| a framework for consideration of the practical issues that impact care, such issues include treatment environments, equipment, availablility of resources, and other realities associated with service delivery |
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a blending of reasoning that involves the moment to moment treatment revision based onteh patient's current & future context
- used to anticipate outcomes over short or long periods of time |
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mode of reasoning used to help clinicians better interact with and understand their patient as a person
-Highlights the interpersonal nature of the therapeutic relationship
Ex) empathy, nonverbal communication |
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a mode of reasoning used to recognize, analyze, and clarify ethical problems that arise
- helps clinicians make decisions regarding the right thing to do in a particular case
* about the norms, values, and ideas of right and wrong |
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