Term
| Length of Time required to form Red Blood Cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Outer Layer of the Red blood Cell composed of? |
|
Definition
| Hydrophilic, composed of proteins, glycolipids, glycoproteins |
|
|
Term
| What is the Central Layer of Red Blood Cells composed of? |
|
Definition
| Hydrophobic, contains cholesterol, phospholipids and proteins |
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Term
| Cholesterol composes _________ of Red Blood Cell membrane Lipids. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What relationship does membrane cholesterol have with plasma Cholesterol? |
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Definition
| It is continually exchanged, therefore if plasma cholesterol is high it can lead to problems with the Red Blood Cell membranes. |
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Term
| ______ Levels of membrane cholesterol are associated with decreased RBC survival and abnormal RBC morphologies. |
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Definition
| Increased; abnormal morphologies include Target Cells and Acanthocytes |
|
|
Term
| What is the composition of the Inner layer of Red Blood Cells? |
|
Definition
| Hydrophilic; it is the cytoskeleton network of proteins |
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Term
| What does Spectrin do in the Red Blood Cell? |
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Definition
| Binds with other membrane proteins to form skeletal network of microfilaments; Controls the biconcave shape and pilability of the cell; and gives stability to the lipid bilayer |
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Term
| How long does it take for a RBC to form? |
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Definition
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Term
| What abnormalities are associated with decreased or abnormal Spectrin? |
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Definition
| Decreased deformability, decreased life span of the RBC causing hemolytic anemia |
|
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Term
| What are the 3 pathways present in the body to protect hemoglobin from oxidization? |
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Definition
| Hexose Monophosphate Shunt; Methemoglobin Reductast and Leuberin-Rapaport Pathways |
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Term
| What mechanisms exist in the Body to remove aging RBC's? |
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Definition
| Removal by fixed macrophages in the body's reticuloendothelial system located primarily in the spleen. |
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Term
| Normally ______ of Red Blood Cells are destroyed extravascularily. While only _______ are destroyed intravascularly. |
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Definition
| Greater than 90%; only 5-10% |
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Term
| What 9 tests is the CBC generally composed of? |
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Definition
| RBC;WBC; Hgb; MCV; MCHC; PLT; Hct; MCH; RDW, Retic? |
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Term
| How is the RBC Count Reported? and what is the reference range for males and females? |
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Definition
| # of RBC/uL; Males 4.5-6.0 x 106 uL Females 4.0-5.5 x 106 uL |
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|
Term
| What is the Function of the RBC Count? |
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Definition
| Provides a count of the RBC's present |
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Term
| What is the Function of the WBC Count? And how is it reported? |
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Definition
| Provides a count of the number of White Blood Cells present. Reported as # WBC's/uL |
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Term
| There will be a _________ WBC Count after a bacterial infection. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Function of the Platelet count? And how is it reported? |
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Definition
| Provides a count of the number of platelets present. Reported as #Plts/uL |
|
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Term
| What is the Function of Hemogblobin?What factors does the Hemoglobin depend on? |
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Definition
| Index of oxygen carrying capacity of the Blood. Total Blood hemoglobin depends on the # of RBC's as well as the amount of hemoglobin in each RBC. |
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|
Term
| What is the Function of Hematocrit? |
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Definition
| Serves as an indirect estimate of the number of RBC's and thus as an indirect estimate of the amount of hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| How is Hemoglobin reported? And What are the reference Ranges for Males and Females? |
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Definition
| Hgb/dL; Reference ranges Males 14-18 g/dL; Females 12-16 g/dL |
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|
Term
| How is Hematocrit reported? And what are the Reference Ranges for Males and Females? |
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Definition
| % of blood that is red cell mass; Males 40-54%, Females 37-47% |
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|
Term
| What does MCV Stand for and what is the Function of the test? |
|
Definition
| MCV = Mean Corpuscular Volume; Represents average red cell volume |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is MCV Reported? and what is the normal range? |
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Definition
| femtoliters/cell; Normal: 80-100 fL/cell |
|
|
Term
| What diseases are generally associated with Decreased (microcytic) MCV? |
|
Definition
| Sideoblastic anemias, iron deficiency anemias, Thalassemias |
|
|
Term
| What diseases are associated with increased (macrocytic) MCV? |
|
Definition
| B-12 and Folate deficiencies |
|
|
Term
| What does MCH stand for and what is its function? |
|
Definition
| Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin; Estimates average weight of hemoglobin in each RBC. |
|
|
Term
| How is MCH reported? What is the reference range for MCH? |
|
Definition
| picograms Hgb/cell; Normal: 26-34 pg/cell |
|
|
Term
| What does MCHC Stand for? What is its function? |
|
Definition
| Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration; Estimates the concentration of hemoglobin in each RBC. Provides a ratio of weight of hemoglobin to volume of the RBC |
|
|
Term
| How is MCHC Reported? What are the normal Values for MCHC? |
|
Definition
| g Hgb/dL; Normal 31-37 g/dL |
|
|
Term
| What does RDA stand for? What is its function? |
|
Definition
| Red Cell Distribution Width; Measure of Anisocytosis (variation in RBC Size) and represents the coefficient of variation (CV) of red cell size. |
|
|
Term
| How is RDA reported and what are the normal ranges? |
|
Definition
| Reported as %; Normal: 11-15% |
|
|
Term
| What is the Function of the Retic Count? |
|
Definition
| Serves as an index of RBC production by the bone marrow, Normal: 0.5-2.0% |
|
|
Term
| The Retic count can be diagnostic of ________. |
|
Definition
| Kidney disorders, not making or releasing enough erythopoietin. |
|
|
Term
| What is the appearance of Polychomatophilic RBC's (Reticulocytes)? |
|
Definition
| Cells slightly larger than normal RBC's and appear blue or blue-gray |
|
|
Term
| What is the colour of Reticulocytes due to? |
|
Definition
| Residual RNA present in the cell |
|
|
Term
| What is the appearance of Hypochromic cells, and in what conditions are they generally seen? |
|
Definition
| Cells with increased area of central palor; Seen in conditions causing impaired hemoglobin synthesis. |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of conditions causing impaired hemoglobin synthesis? |
|
Definition
| Iron deficiency anemia; Thalassemias; sideoblastic anemia; Lead poisoning |
|
|
Term
| What is the appearance of microcytic cells, and in what conditions are they generally seen? |
|
Definition
| Cells which are smaller than normal with an average diameter of less than 7 um. Seen in conditions causing impaired hemoglobin synthesis. |
|
|
Term
| What is the appearance of macrocytic cells, and in what conditions are they generally seen? |
|
Definition
| Cells which are predominantely larger than normal size with an average diameter greater than 9 um. (MCV greater than 100 fL/cell) Conditions causing impaired DNA synthesis, accelerated erythropoiesis, and conditions where membrane cholesterol levels are increased |
|
|
Term
| What condition causes accelerated erythropoiesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What condition can cause increased membrane cholesterol levels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What conditions can cause impaired DNA synthesis? |
|
Definition
| Folate or B-12 deficiencies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells having a variety of sizes. Normally less than 5% of cells vary from normal shape |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells having a variety of shapes. Normally less than 5% of cells vary from normal shape |
|
|
Term
| What is the appearance of Spherocytes? What is the problem associated with spherocytes? |
|
Definition
| Sperical cells with decreased central palor making them appear microcytic and hypochromic; they have decreased surface membrane area. |
|
|
Term
| The spherocytic shape change is _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
WBC: Infection, inflammation, leukemias, myelodysplastic syndromes
RBC/Hgb?Hct: Anemias
MCV: Classification of Anemias (microcytic, normocytic, macrocytic)
MCH/MCHC: Confirm anemia
Plt: Bleeding disorders
Retic: RBC Production |
|
|
Term
| What parameters define a Red Blood Cell as Normocytic? |
|
Definition
| Cells possesssing cell diameter 6-8 um and a MCV of 80-100 fL/cell |
|
|
Term
| What parameters define a Red Blood Cell as Normochromic? |
|
Definition
| Cells with central pale area approx 1/3 of cells diameter, RBC's with a normal concentration of hemoglobin. |
|
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Term
| What is the appearance of Ovalocytes or Elliptocytes? What is the size of the cells? |
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Definition
| Oval egg-shaped or elongated cells, when seen on end may appear like short rods. They can be normocytic or macrocytic. Normochromic or Hypochromic |
|
|
Term
| Macrocytic Ovalocytes are associated with ______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oval or egg-shaped RBC's are associated with which disorders? |
|
Definition
| Thalassemias and Myelodysplastic Syndromes, |
|
|
Term
| Elliptical or Pencil-Shaped RBC's are characteristic of which disorders? |
|
Definition
| Hereditary elliptocytosis, Iron deficiency Anemia |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of Target Cells? |
|
Definition
| Cells with a large portion of hemoglobin displayed at the rim of the cell and a portion of hemoglobin either central, eccentric or banded |
|
|
Term
| What Disorders Typically display target Cells? |
|
Definition
| Hemoglobin C disease or Trait, Iron deficiency anemia and Thalassemias; Cells are always hypochromic |
|
|
Term
| What is the appearance of Teardrop Cells? |
|
Definition
| Look as if one end has been pulled out to a tail while the other side is still rounded. |
|
|
Term
| In what disorders are Teardrop Cells Seen? |
|
Definition
| Idiopathic myelofibrosis, Thalassemias, Iron deficiency anemias |
|
|
Term
| What is the appearance of Stomatocytes? In which disorders can Stomatocytes be seen? |
|
Definition
| Cells that have a rectangular or slit-like central pale area; Thought to be a step in progression from normal shape to that of a sphereocyte. Hereditary spherocytosis, Hereditary Stomatocytosis or Acute Alcoholism |
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|
Term
| What is the appearance and mechanism of action associated with Rouleaux? |
|
Definition
| Cells partially adhering to each other, microscopically have appearance of a stack of coins. Abnormal protein levels causes the RBC's to lose their tendency repel each other, causing them to adhere to each other |
|
|
Term
| What disease State can be associated with Rouleaux? |
|
Definition
| Multiple Myeloma (abnormal protein levels primarily fibrinogen or globulins) |
|
|
Term
| What is the appearance of Burr Cells? With which disease states are Burr cells associated? |
|
Definition
| Cells with 10-30 rounded spicules evenly spaced over the surface of the cell. Renal Disease, Liver disease or burns. (Can also be due to artifact or due to specimen contamination or improper slide preparation) |
|
|
Term
| What is the appearance of Helmet (Bite-Blister) Cells? What is generally the causal factor for their formation? |
|
Definition
| Cells with distinctive projections, usually 2, surrounding an empty area of Red Cell membrane, Looks as if a "bite" was taken out of it. Results due to splenic removal of inclusion bodies (ex. heinz bodies) |
|
|
Term
| In what disorders and Ethnic descent are Helmet cells usually seen? |
|
Definition
| Seen in G6PD deficiencies or pulmonary emboli; People of Mediterranean Descent |
|
|
Term
| What are Schistocytes? What causes Schistocytes? |
|
Definition
| Small bizarre shaped cell fragments; Seen during periods of intravascular hemolysis or mechanical trauma (Disseminated Intravascular coagulation or Severe Burns) |
|
|
Term
| What is the appearance of Acanthocytes? What causes Acanthocytes and with which disease are they associated? |
|
Definition
| Cell with normal or slightly reduced size possesing 3-8 finger-like projections distributed in an irregular manner along the cell membrane. The Cell membrane has increased levels of cholesterol. Abetalipoproteinemia or Severe Liver Diseases |
|
|
Term
| Reticulocytes are ___________. |
|
Definition
| a stage in RBC maturation just before the mature cell (just before the remnants of the nucleus is ejected) |
|
|
Term
| The material seen in Reticulocytes is __________. |
|
Definition
| Residual RNA, which appears as Dark blue dots or thin irregular linear structures arranged in loose aggregates |
|
|
Term
| What is the appearance of Basophilic Stippling? |
|
Definition
| Small dark blue dotlike structures scattered fairly uniformly through the RBC. |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of Basophilic Stipling? With which Disease states is it associated? |
|
Definition
| Derived from RNA and mitochondrial remnants. Conditions with defective or accelerated HEME synthesis ex. Lead Poisoning or Thalassemias. |
|
|
Term
| What is the appearance of Howell-Jolly Bodies? From what are they derived? |
|
Definition
| Small round blue-black inclusions that occur singly or doubly in an eccentric position; derived from nuclear remnants |
|
|
Term
| When/Why do Howell-Jolly Bodies form? What diseases typically display Howell-Jolly Bodies? |
|
Definition
| Develop in periods of accelerated or abnormal erythropoiesis (red cells not being made properly/discharged too quickly) Seen in Thalassemias, Hemolytic Anemias, Megaloblastic Anemias. (Generally these are removed by the spleen and commonly seen in splenectomy) |
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|
Term
| What is the appearance of Pappenheimer Bodies? From what are Pappenheimer Bodies formed? |
|
Definition
| Small irregular magenta-coloured granuels that Usually occur in small groups; Derived from Hemosiderin granules (Non-HEME iron deposits) |
|
|
Term
| In what disease States are Pappenheimer Bodies seen? |
|
Definition
| Sideroblastic Anemias, Hemochromatosis, Disorders causing iron overload: hemoglobinopathies and following splenectomy. |
|
|
Term
| What is the appearance of Heinz Bodies? From what are they derived? |
|
Definition
| Small scattered blue dotlike structures of varying size in the RBC; Derived from denatured or precipitated hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| In what diseases can Heinz Bodies be Seen? |
|
Definition
| Seen in increased numbers in G6PD Deficiencies, Alpha-thallassemias and Drug-induced hemolytic anemias. |
|
|
Term
| What is the progression of formation of Granulocytic WBC's and Their appearance? |
|
Definition
| CFU-GM --> Myeloblast -->Promyelocyte -->Myelocyte--> Metamyelocyte-->Banded Granulocyte--> Segmented Granulocyte; Conspicuous secondary granules present in cytoplasm; |
|
|
Term
| Where does growth and development of granulocytic and monocytic cells occur? How long does it take? |
|
Definition
| In the bone marrow; accomplished in 7-11 days |
|
|
Term
| What is the progression of development of Monocytes? |
|
Definition
| CFU-GM -->Monoblast-->Promonocyte--> Monocyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The growth or development of lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of White Blood Cells? |
|
Definition
| Functions in Host defence by phagocytosis (granulocytes or monocytes) or immune response (lymphocytes); Leave bloodstream to site of invasion or inflammation; ACtive in phagocytosis; Ingest bacteria and dispose of dead matter; Attracted by certain chemicals released by microbes & inflamed tissue (Chemotaxis) |
|
|
Term
| What is the appearance of Neutrophils? What is the function of Neutrophils? |
|
Definition
| Granular, fine Neutral granules which stain pale violet-pink; Phagocytize and destroy microbes (use lysozyme, defensins & Strong oxidants) |
|
|
Term
| What is the appearance of Band Neutrophils? What is a band Neutrophil? |
|
Definition
| The nucleus is band or rod shaped Nuclear chromatin is coarse clumped and darkly stained; a immature form of Neutrophil |
|
|
Term
| What is the appearance of Segmented Neutrophils? |
|
Definition
| Nucleus has 2-5 lobes, Nuclear Chromatin coarse clumped and darkly stained |
|
|
Term
| What is the life Span of Neutrophils? |
|
Definition
| 7 Hours in blood; 2-5 days in tissues |
|
|
Term
| What does "Left Shift" refer to? |
|
Definition
| An Increase in the immature forms of Neutrophils in the Peripheral Blood (mostly segmented forms) |
|
|
Term
| What is the appearance of Eosinophils? |
|
Definition
| Granular cells; with granules which stain red or orange; Nucleus generally has 2 Distinct Lobes; Nuclear chromatin coarse clumped and darkly stained |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Eosinophils? |
|
Definition
| Combat the effects of histamine in allergic reactions; Phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes; Destroy certain parasitic worms (Helminths) |
|
|
Term
| What is the Life Span of Eosinophils? |
|
Definition
| 8 Hours in Blood; Approx 12 Days in Tissues |
|
|
Term
| What is the appearance of Basophils? |
|
Definition
| Granular, Coarse granules stain blue-purple to black; Nucleus generally have 2 distinct lobes; Nuclear chromatin coarse, clumped and darkly stained. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Life Span and Function of Basophils? |
|
Definition
| Develop into mast cells which liberate heparin, histamine and Serotonin which act to intensify inflammatory response in allergic reactions; Life Span Several hours in Both Blood and Tissue |
|
|
Term
| Lymphocytes are _________. What is the function of Lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
| Agranular; Essential component of immune defence system, interact with antigens and mount an immune response |
|
|
Term
| What is the appearance of Lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
| Agranular, Nucleus stains sky blue with occasional azurophilic granules (2nd most predominant to neutrophils) |
|
|
Term
| What is the appearance of Plasma Cells? |
|
Definition
| Cytoplasm Dark blue, agranular, pale area next to nucleus; Nucleus small, ova or round, nuclear chromatin clumped and lumpy. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Life span of Plasma Cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the appearance of Monocytes? |
|
Definition
| Agranular, Nucleus usually kidney-shaped or lobulated (folded), Nuclear chromatin is fine and arranged in lacy strands, Numerous fine, pale, red, dust-like particles throughout the cytoplasm (Very big, lightly staining cell); Cytoplasm is pale blue-grey, has abundant pseudopodia and ground-glass appearance, vaculoes may be present. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Function of Monocytes? |
|
Definition
| Differentiate into macrophages and phagocytize debris and microbes |
|
|
Term
| What is the appearance of Hypersegmented Neutrophils? What are they associated with? |
|
Definition
| Neutrophils with nuclei that have 6 or more lobes; Generally seen in Megaloblastic Anemias |
|
|
Term
| Hyposegmented Neutrophils (Pleger-Huet Anomaly) appear as ________ and are present in which disorders? |
|
Definition
| Bilobed Neutrophils (dumbell shaped); also more band forms seen, Neutrophil cytoplasmic inclusion; commonly seen in Acute infections (particularily bacterial infections) |
|
|
Term
| What is the appearance of cells possessing Toxic Granulation? |
|
Definition
| Accentuation of normal cytoplasmic granules, granules become more numerous, larger and deeper staining (dark blue-black) |
|
|
Term
| Vacuoles appear as ______ in the cytoplasm. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Appearance of Dohle Bodies? Where are they generally located in the cell? What are they formed by? |
|
Definition
| Large, gray-blue structures in cytoplasm, often located next to cytoplasmic border. Structures are aggregates of rough endoplasmic Reticulum. |
|
|
Term
| Bacterial Infection can cause _______, _______, _________. |
|
Definition
| Toxic granulation, Dohle bodies, Vacuoles. |
|
|
Term
| What is the appearance, occurance and size of Reactive Lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
| Nucleus may be round, elongated, or lobulated, chromatin is coarse and prominently clumped cytoplasm abundant, pale blue often staining unevenly appears "soft" and is easily indented by surorunding RBC's; Normally will be less than 10% of all lymphocytes; Size 9-30 um |
|
|
Term
| What abnormalities are associated with increased numbers of reactve Lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
| Viral infections, Pertussis and Toxoplasmosis |
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