Term
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Definition
1. Radiography
2. Computed Tomography
3. Nuclear Scintigraphy |
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Term
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Definition
1. Magnetic Resonance
2. Echocariography |
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Term
| Projection vs. Tomography |
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Definition
Projection- reg. x-ray
Tomography- cross section view |
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Term
Plain radiograph (projection)
-(Radiography- film) or (Computed(digital) radiography-digital radiographic image)
1- 5 densities (least to most dense)
2-explain the appearance of diff. densities on film
3-muscle's density is similar to?
4-Contrast use?
5-Glass,Metal, Wood and Plastic are? |
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Definition
1- Air, Fat, Water, Bone, Contrast
2-the denser the object the whiter it will appear, the less dense the blacker
3-muscle's density is similar to water, which apears gray on film
4-Contrast is added so you can see the tract
5- Glass and metal are radio opaque, wood and plastic are not radio opaque, they are radio lucent
Ca, Meatal and Bone=white
Organs , Muscle and Soft tissue=gray
Air, Fat=Shades of gray
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Term
Plain Projection x-rays
1-during x-ray which objects are clearest
2- Can't see borders of objects when? |
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Definition
1- objects closest to the film during x-ray are clearest
2- can't see borders of objects with the same density when they are next to each other (adjacent) and the borders are touching |
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Term
Chest x-ray
4 views-AP, PA, Lateral and Oblique
1-why do a PA posterior-anterior x-ray
2- why do AP anterior-posterior x-ray
3-Why do a chest x-ray with a Decubitus view
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Definition
1-PA, the anterior is closer to the film, so we get a clearer view of the lungs and heart
2-AP- if we need a clear shot of the vertebra
3-Decubitus view for pleural effusions, the pleural fluid will settle on the side the pt. is lying on
*closer to the film the clearer |
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Term
Chest X-ray
1-Silhouette Sign |
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Definition
•Two things of the same density, when side-by-side, will have no visible border between them.
•Example: pneumonia (“water” density same as heart) |
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Term
Abdominal x-ray
1- air in enlarged bowel or stomach looks like? |
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Definition
| 1- The bottom of the air bubble in stomach or bowel will be a flat line bc the air will go to the top and the fluid will go to the bottom. |
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Term
Abdominal x-ray
1-Free air
2-Bowel obstruction |
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Definition
1-very bad, emergency situation, see blackness in the bowel
2- bad, see whitness in the bowel |
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Term
| Upper GI Series and Barium Enema |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
•Uses high frequency sound waves to produce “real time” images
•Safe--no radiation involved
non-invasive
•Inexpensive
•Portable |
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Term
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Definition
•Used in pregnancy-provides excellent detail of ovaries and uterus
•Abdominal ultrasound used to evaluate for gallstones, liver masses, biliary tract abnormalities |
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Term
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Definition
•Vascular studies
•Small parts: thyroid, testes, breast (for certain indications—not for screening)
•Often used in pediatrics |
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Term
CT (Computed Tomography)
1-definition
2-Common areas scanned: 3 |
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Definition
•Helical (=Spiral) CT: Cross-sectional images. Produced by computer processing of X-rays taken from multiple angles by X-ray machine “spinning” around the patient
•Common areas scanned:
Chest
Abdomen
Brain |
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Term
CT=computed tomography (used for sagital, coronal, cross sectional cuts etc.)
-Helical (=Spiral) CT: Cross-sectional images produced by computer processing of X-rays taken from multiple angles by X-ray machine “spinning” around the patient
1-CT of Chest, Commonly used to evaluate?
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Definition
1-Commonly used to evaluate lung nodules/masses |
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Term
CT of Abdomen
1-Procedure of choice to evaluate
2-Also used for suspected 3 |
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Definition
1-Procedure of choice to evaluate urinary calculi (kidney stones)
2-Also used for suspected appendicitis, pancreatitis, malignancies |
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Term
Brain Ct
1-Used commonly in what department?
2-The test of choice for? |
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Definition
•Used commonly in ER
•The test of choice for acute evaluation of head trauma, (bc it is quick and cheap) |
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Term
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
-explain it
-uses |
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Definition
•Tomographic (cross-sectional) images are generated using a very powerful magnet
•No radiation exposure
•Expensive
•Not safe with certain implanted metal objects (eg. pacemakers)
•Test of choice for evaluating central nervous system (brain, spinal cord) including disc herniation |
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Term
•If MRI of brain is so good, why do we use CT for emergency brain evaluations? |
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Definition
| -because its faster and cheaper |
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Term
Abdominal MRI
Used to evaluate 3 and one is good for certain people |
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Definition
•Used to evaluate liver masses, biliary tract.
•Also good for evaluating kidney masses in
patients who cannot tolerate IV dye-
(however gadolinium has its own risks) |
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Term
Nuclear Imaging
- what is it
-uses |
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Definition
•Injection of a radioactive substance that has affinity for a particular tissue
•Image is created that shows how much of the substance accumulated in the tissue
•Commonly used to look for bone metastases, to assess thyroid masses, for cardiac stress tests |
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Term
Interventional Radiology
-what is it
-3 examples
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Definition
•Radiology procedures that treat (instead of just diagnosing)
•Procedures change constantly as new ones are developed
•Examples:
Radiofrequency ablation of tumors
Placement of vascular stents
Percutaneous drainage of abcesses |
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Term
PET (Positron Emission Tomography)
-what is it
-uses |
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Definition
•Relatively new and expensive
•Radioactive material that emits positrons injected into patient (eg. glucose analog)
•Material localizes in areas that use more glucose (eg. tumors) |
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Term
Chest X-ray
Approach to Reading |
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Definition
•Label / markers-
Label- persons name is the first thing to look for
Markers- left and right on correct sides (right should oppose your Left when facing, always), make sure it is flipped the right way
•Old films
•Good quality?
•Good inspiration?
Count 9 ribs for good inspiration
•Systematically examine the film
Always look for everything-look at the bones etc., don’t get tunnel vision
Therough and systematic- examine the same way everytime |
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Term
1-If we cant see the right border of heart, which lobe is the infiltrate in?
2- if we cant see the left heart border, which lobe is the infiltrate in?
3- Rule of thumb- heart should be about what width of the chest on the film
4-a collapsed lung could make the heart look |
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Definition
1-Right middle lobe
2-Lingula of left lobe
3-heart should be about half the width of the chest
4-smaller |
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Term
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Definition
Angio- vessel
Myelo- marrow
Arthro- joint |
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Term
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Definition
-count less than 9 ribs
-high diaphram
-vascular crowding-false impression of congestion |
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