Term
| What are the 2 main types of projective tests? |
|
Definition
| Rorschach test (inkblot) and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Rorschach test. |
|
Definition
| Projective test (Ink blot test) where you have to interpret inkblots, trying to discover inner thoughts. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)? |
|
Definition
| Projective test where the subject is shown pictures one at a time and asked t make up a story, normally given in two sessions, one day apart. |
|
|
Term
| What axis of diagnostic coding is this: Clinical disorders (for our purposes substance related disorders and major mental illness including mood, anxiety, and psychotic disorders), other conditions that impact the clinical picture. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What axis of diagnostic coding is this: Personality disorders, mental retardation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What axis of diagnostic coding is this: General medical conditions, particularly those that are ongoing, or have historically impacted the clinical picture such as a closed head trauma. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What axis of diagnostic coding is this: Problems with psychosocial functioning, and environmental problems. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What axis of diagnostic coding is this: Global assessment of functioning (typically, two numbers are assigned according to the GAF scale to assess the current level of functioning and the highest level over the past year). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 A's of the early years of Schizoprenia research? |
|
Definition
| Associations, Affect, Autism and Ambivalence |
|
|
Term
| Describe Psychosis. What causes it? Is it an illness or a symptom? |
|
Definition
| "Break with reality" that includes hallucinations, delusions and thought disorder. Manifested by disturbances in the formation and content of thoughts. It is caused by a variety of conditions that affect the functioning of the brain. It is a symptoms not an illness. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 main positive symptoms? |
|
Definition
| Delusions, hallucinations, behavioral dyscontrol and thought disorder. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 main negative symptoms? |
|
Definition
Alogia (poverty of speech)
Avolition (loss of goals)
Anhedonia (loss of ability to experience emotions)
Attentional impairment
Affective flattening |
|
|
Term
| What are the differences between Bipolar I and II with regard to depression and mania, age of onset and which one has a high risk of suicide? |
|
Definition
Bipolar I has alternations of full manic and depressive episodes, the age of onset is 18 and they have a high risk for suicide.
Bipolar II has alternations of major depression with hypomania and the age of onset is 22 and they are not at a high risk for suicide. |
|
|
Term
| What are the DSM criteria for Schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
| Two or more psychotic symptoms for 1 month, impairment of social or occupational functioning, and it is not due to a medical, neurological or substance induced disorder. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the symptoms of OCD. When does it begin and what sex is it more common with? What type of therapies and drugs are helpful? |
|
Definition
| Preoccupation with specific ideas or thoughts (obsessive) and inability to resist repeated behaviors (compulsive). It typically begins before adulthood and it more common in women. Exposure and response prevention therapies and serotonin-related drugs are helpful. |
|
|
Term
| Describe why people with OCD have their compulsions. |
|
Definition
| They are aimed at preventing or reducing distress or preventing some dreaded event or situation. |
|
|
Term
| Describe cluster A behaviors. |
|
Definition
| Appear odd and eccentric. (Paranoid, schizoid and schizotypal) |
|
|
Term
| Describe cluster B personalities. |
|
Definition
| Often appear dramatic, emotional or erratic. (antisocial, borderline, histrionic and narcissistic) |
|
|
Term
| Describe cluster C personalities. |
|
Definition
| Anxious or fearful. (avoidant, dependent and obsessive-compulsive) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| replying to questions in an oblique, tangential or irrelevant way |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ideas slip off the track onto another which is obliquely related or unrelated |
|
|
Term
| What is loosening of associations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is private word usage? |
|
Definition
| When a patient repeats a word several times to them selves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Persistent word repetition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| there is no relationship within words or answers |
|
|
Term
| What is thought broadcasting? |
|
Definition
| Delusion that one is capable of inserting thoughts into other individuals minds or that others can perceive them |
|
|
Term
| What is thought insertion? |
|
Definition
| Delusion that thoughts are being inserted into ones mind by someone else |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of Alzheimer's Disease? |
|
Definition
| Reduced (acetylcholine and glutamate) due to loss of nerve cells within the brain from amyloid plaque formation and neurofibrillary tangles developing structural obstruction within the brain and eventual atrophy. |
|
|
Term
| What proteins are involved in the role of Alzheimer's disease? |
|
Definition
| apoE-2, apoE-3 and apoE-4 |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference in the pharmacological treatment of psychosis regarding the typical antipsychotics and atypical antipsychotics? |
|
Definition
| They are all dopamine receptors antagonists but the older typical antipsychotics treated only positive symptoms. They newer atypical antipsychotics treat positive and negative symptoms. |
|
|
Term
| What was the first antipsychotic drug, started in the 1950s? |
|
Definition
| Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 most common atypical antipsychotics? MOA? |
|
Definition
| Risperidone, Olanzapine, Quetiapine, Clozapine, Ziprasidone and Aripiprazole. MOA = Dopamine antagonists |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 immediate neuroleptic (antipsychotic) side effects? |
|
Definition
| Parkisonism, acute dystonia (sustained muscle contraction) and acute akathisia (restlessness). |
|
|
Term
| What is the major delayed side effect of neuroleptic (antipsychotic) meds? |
|
Definition
| Tardive dyskinesia (involuntary movements of the tongue, lips, face, trunk and extremities) |
|
|
Term
| What is the major emergent side effect of neuroleptic (antipsychotic) meds? |
|
Definition
| Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (combination of hyperthermia, rigidity and autonomic dysregulation) |
|
|
Term
| :involves a progressive deterioration of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus leading to difficulty in concentration and memory loss. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is AD more common in men or women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is primary dementia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is sundowning in reference to Alzheimer's disease? |
|
Definition
| Refers to the fact that symptoms are usually more pronounced at the end of the day. |
|
|
Term
:a clouded (disturbed) state of consciousness involving:
Acute onset, fluctuating, reversible disturbance
Difficulty in concentration
Disruption of the sleep-waking cycle
Incoherent speech
Memory impairment for recent events
Perceptual disturbances (delusions and hallucinations)
Mood/activity swings
Disorganized thoughts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List and define the 3P's that of personality disorders. |
|
Definition
Problematic: causes clinically significant distress or problems for self or others, may lead to difficulties in social life, work or law.
Persistent: pattern is stable and long standing, present since early adulthood or adolescence and continues to adulthood.
Pervasive: Patter in inflexible, present in a broad range of personal or social situations. |
|
|
Term
| Personality disorder characterized by: discontent when not the center of attention, inappropriately sexually seductive or provocative, exaggerated expressions; theatrical displays of emotion and self-dramatization, and easily influenced by others and circumstances. |
|
Definition
| Histrionic Personality Disorder |
|
|
Term
| Personality disorder characterized by: unlawful behavior, deceitfulness, lying, use of aliases, or conning others for pleasure or profit, impulsivity; failure to plan, recklessness; disregard for the safety of self and others, lack of remorse; indifference to hurting, mistreating, or violating the rights of others. |
|
Definition
Antisocial Personality Disorder
**Note: The individual is at least 18 with a history of Conduct Disorder before age 15. |
|
|
Term
| Personality disorder characterized by: grandiose sense of self importance, preoccupations with fantasies of success, wealth, power, brilliance, beauty, or ideal love, beliefs related to being special or unique or only understood by other unique people, requires excessive admiration, sense of entitlement, lack of empathy, envious of others, and behaves arrogantly. |
|
Definition
| Narcissistic Personality Disorder |
|
|
Term
| Personality disorder characterized by: unstable, intense relationships; extremes of idealization and devaluation, identity disturbance; unstable self image, impulsivity which is self-damaging, or deprecating, recurrent suicidal threats or gestures; self-destructive or self-mutilating behavior, inappropriate, intense anger; difficulty controlling anger. |
|
Definition
| Borderline Personality Disorder |
|
|
Term
| What condition may be the most common personality disorder seen by adult mental health services and is one of the most difficult conditions to treat? Why is it difficult to treat? |
|
Definition
| Borderline Personality disorder. Difficult to treat because of poor patient compliance, the focus of medical therapy is lost with regular "crises" and the clinician becomes demoralized because "nothing seems to work". |
|
|
Term
| What are the common symptoms of cognitive defects? |
|
Definition
Aphasia – Difficulty with language
Apraxia – Impaired motor functioning
Agnosia – Failure to recognize objects
Difficulties with planning, organizing, sequencing, or abstracting information; loss of executive function |
|
|
Term
| Describe the rate of deterioration during the stages of Alzheimer's Disease. What is the average survival time? Typical age of onset? |
|
Definition
It is slow during the early and later stages and is rapid during the middle.
Survival time is about 8 years. Age of onset is usually in the 60s or 70s. |
|
|
Term
| Is the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease greater in poorly educated people? Which sex? |
|
Definition
| Yes, poorly educated and women. |
|
|
Term
| What is the MOA and use for Namenda (memantine)? |
|
Definition
Use = New drug for AD treatment, improves symptoms only.
MOA = NMDA receptor antagonist. |
|
|
Term
| Which drugs can be used to improve symptoms and delay the onset of Alzheimer's disease? MOA? |
|
Definition
| Aricept, Exelon and Reminyl. They are Cholinesterase inhibitors. |
|
|
Term
| Why are boxers at an increased risk of getting Alzheimer's disease? |
|
Definition
| Because concussions and contusions of the head are linked to dementia pugilistica (a type of neurodegenerative disease or dementia, which may affect boxers). |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of dysthymic disorder? |
|
Definition
| Depressed/irritable mood with NO MANIA and presence of at least two of the following for 2 years: appetite disturbance, fatigue, sleep disturbance, poor concentration, and feelings of hopelessness. No major depressive episodes for the first 2 years. |
|
|
Term
| :at least two years (one year for children and adolescents) presence of numerous hypomanic episodes and numerous periods with depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure that did not meet criterion A (5 symptoms) of Major Depression |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a brief psychotic disorder? |
|
Definition
| Duration of less than a month characterized by only positive symptoms of schizophrenia (delusions, hallucinations, behavioral dyscontrol and thought disorder). |
|
|
Term
| What is schizophreniform? |
|
Definition
| Meets positive and negative criteria from schizophrenia but the duration is longer than one month but is less than 6 months. |
|
|
Term
| What is schizoaffective disorder? |
|
Definition
| Meets criteria for major depressive or manic episodes and psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia. 2 weeks of psychotic symptoms in absence of mood symptoms. |
|
|
Term
| :excessive anxiety and worry (apprehensive expectation), occurring more days than not for at least six months, about a number of events or activities |
|
Definition
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
|
|
Term
| :fears related to specific objects, people, or situations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| :Intense incapacitating fear and embarrassment when dealing with others. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the recommended treatment for phobic disorders? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What sex gets common phobias more often? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| :phobias that involve clinically significant anxiety provoked by exposure to a specific feared object or situation, often leading to avoidance behaviors. |
|
Definition
| Specific (simple) phobias |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name eleven blood tests used to screen for suspected dementia. |
|
Definition
| Electrolytes, LFT, RFT, TFT, glucose, vitamin B12, folate, CBC, ESR, VDRL and HIV. |
|
|
Term
| What are the anatomical brain scans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What tests assess functional brain activity? |
|
Definition
| EEG and SPECT (Single photon emission computed tomography) |
|
|
Term
| What are the CSF results seen with Alzheimer's Disease? |
|
Definition
| Elevated tau levels and low amyloid levels. |
|
|
Term
| Which apo protein is responsible for the earlier onset of Alzheimer's disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which apo protein may be the most protective towards Alzheimer's disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the differential diagnosis for dementia? |
|
Definition
| Tumor, Stroke, Subdural Hematoma, Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus, Encephalomalacia |
|
|
Term
| What are the main two diagnostic criteria for Major Depressive Disorder? |
|
Definition
| Must include one of (depressed mood or pleasure/interest loss) occuring almost every day for 2 weeks. |
|
|
Term
| What are the main differences between Major Depression Disorder (single episode) and Major Depression Disorder (recurrent)? |
|
Definition
Single episode = absence of mania or hypomania.
Recurrent = 2 major depression episodes, separated by at least a 2 month period with more or less normal functioning/mood. |
|
|
Term
| What is amnesic disorder? What is the criteria for transient and chronic? |
|
Definition
| Memory impairment that is not due to delirium or dementia and can be caused by physiological reasons or substance induced. Transient is less than a month and chronic is longer than a month. |
|
|
Term
| :typically occurs following a nap on an airplane after taking a short actin hypnotic (alprazolam, triazolam, zolpidem) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| :caused by neuronal damage that results from thiamine deficiency in association with chronic alcohol abuse. It usually is preceded by and episode of wernicke encephalits (eg ataxia, confusion, occulomotor palsy). Typically precipitated by administration of glucose to malnourished alcoholic without concomitant parenternal thiamine, confabulations (koraskoff psychosis) is hallmark finding (it is where PT fills In gaps in memory but fabricating things that never happened. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| :Enduring pattern of inner experiences and behaviour that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture. |
|
Definition
| Definition of Personality Disorder |
|
|
Term
| :periodic, discrete bouts of panic that occur abruptly and peak within 10 minutes characterized by heart palpitations, SOB, chest pains, choking sensation, faintness and dizziness. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of depressed patients respond to treatment but fail to achieve remission from their emotional and physical symptoms? What percentage achieve remission? |
|
Definition
Up to 70%.
30% achieve remission. |
|
|
Term
| What is double depression? |
|
Definition
| It meets the criteria for both MDD and Dysthymic Disorder, not a diagnosis. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between mania and hypomania? |
|
Definition
| Hypomania has all the same criteria except there is not marked impairment. |
|
|
Term
| Relatives of those with a mood disorder are_________times more likely to have a mood disorder (usually major depression) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If one identical twin has a mood disorder the other twin is____times more likely than a fraternal twin to have a mood disorder (particularly for bipolar disorder) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are heritability rates for genetic psychiatric disorders higher for males or females? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major endocrine reason for major depression? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 theories for major depression? |
|
Definition
Seligman - Learned helplessness.
Beck - Negative cognitive styles. |
|
|
Term
| Why do schizoids typically avoid treatment? |
|
Definition
| Because they are socially withdrawn |
|
|
Term
| What is the main treatment approach with Cluster A patients? |
|
Definition
| To provide help with the social consequences of their condition. |
|
|
Term
| What is the aim of therapy for Cluster C patients? |
|
Definition
| Weaken their core beliefs and strengthen alternative, more adaptive beliefs. |
|
|
Term
| Who came up with the idea of positive and negative symptoms dealing with schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What receptor do all typical antipsychotics block? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What anatomical abnormalities are seen with Schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
| Very similar to Alzheimers as far as changes in the brain. |
|
|
Term
| How does Schizophrenia appear on MRI? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the most common perceptual abnormalities seen with delusions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main things measured with an MMSE? |
|
Definition
| Attention and simple calculations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory - 567 true/false questions |
|
|
Term
| :Categorized as a cortical dementia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| :the hippocampus is one of the first regions of the brain to suffer damage; memory problems and disorientation appear among the first symptoms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which chromosome contains a gene that controls the formation of amyloid which forms plaques? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which chromosome contains a gene allele that controls the likelihood of developing Alzheimer’s (50-90% chance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is agnosia? What is it the most common symptom of? |
|
Definition
| Inability to recognize and name objects (most common symptom of dementia) |
|
|
Term
| What results from frontal-temporal dementia? |
|
Definition
| Loss of serotonin neurons rather than Ach, leads to Pick's disease. |
|
|
Term
| What results from Frontal-Subcortical dementia? |
|
Definition
| Parkinson's disease, Huntington's Chorea and vascular dementia. |
|
|
Term
| What drug classes have been shown to slow the disease process of Alzheimer's Disease? |
|
Definition
| Drugs that block the breakdown of Ach and drugs that block the formation of B-amyloid. |
|
|
Term
| What class of drugs may contribute to dementia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| :Severe, long lasting, and debilitating sadness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| :Depressive episodes followed by manic episodes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| :Treatment approach based on the belief that psychological matters can be studied scientifically by observing overt behavior, without discussing internal mental states |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the ABC approach to functional behavioral assessment? |
|
Definition
| "ABC" approach, where observations are made on Antecedents, Behaviors, and Consequences. |
|
|
Term
| :therapy based on the belief that constant repetition of negative thoughts leads to abnormality |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| :therapy based on the assumption that the patient best knows his or her own mind, therefore the psychologist’s job is simply to facilitate self-therapy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| :therapy that believes interpersonal dynamics lead to abnormality |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 things is psychological health not a matter of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 components of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs? |
|
Definition
physiological needs
safety and security
love and belongingness
self-esteem and actualization |
|
|
Term
| According to Maslow, those who live at their fullest have achieved? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 characteristics of self-actualized individuals? |
|
Definition
| Realism, acceptance, autonomy, intimacy, and creativity. |
|
|
Term
| Autonomy can promote__________defined as the ability to act genuinely and spontaneously; the quality of “being real” |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| :disorders characterized by feelings of fear experienced on a recurring basis usually in response to typical life situations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 general characteristics of a Schizophrenia patient? |
|
Definition
1. Disorganized thoughts
2. Inappropriate emotions
3. Delusions
4. Auditory hallucinations
5. Deteriorating social and work functions |
|
|
Term
| :Therapy aimed at gaining insight into unconscious roots of threat, loss and abandonment |
|
Definition
| Psychodynamic perspective of treatment |
|
|
Term
| :Therapeutic interventions to change behavior include modeling, exposure therapy, management of safety behaviors, systematic desensitization, implosive therapy |
|
Definition
| Behavioral perspective of treatment |
|
|
Term
| :Therapy aimed at changing maladaptive thoughts include cognitive restructuring, thought stopping, and cognitive rehearsal |
|
Definition
| Cognitive perspective of treatment |
|
|
Term
| How much time per day do obsessions or compulsions take up in an OCD patient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At least 1 attack has been followed by a month of worrying or concern of another attack, this is termed________? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of therapy is effective for panic disorder? |
|
Definition
| Cognitive-behavioral therapy |
|
|
Term
| Is a panic attack a codable disorder? |
|
Definition
| A panic attack is not a codable disorder. Code the specific diagnosis in which the panic attack occurs (e.g., panic disorder with agoraphobia). |
|
|
Term
:Discrete period of intense fear or discomfort, in which four (or more) of the following symptoms developed abruptly and reached a peak within 10 minutes:
palpitations, pounding heart, or accelerated heart rate
sweating
trembling or shaking
sensations of shortness of breath or smothering
derealization (feelings of unreality) or depersonalization (being detached from oneself)
fear of losing control or going crazy
fear of dying
paresthesias (numbness or tingling sensations)
chills or hot flushes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________is more common in people suffering from panic disorder. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the therapy of choice for phobias? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which sex is affected more often by social phobias? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the symptom cluster triad of PTSD? |
|
Definition
| Intrusion, hyperarousal and avoidance |
|
|
