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| various meanings and ideas associated with a word |
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| arbitrary conveyors of meaning |
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| the given, noted definition of a word |
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| conscious exaggeration intended to communicate ideas and images |
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| signs where the signifier resembles the signified |
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| signs where the signifier is caused by the signified |
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| intentional contrast between what is said and what is meant |
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| language that is specific to a particular profession |
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| a socially shared system of of representation that employs arbitrarily assigned symbols and rule-governed combinations of those symbols |
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| faulty faith that humans have placed in speech |
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| a direct comparison of two things |
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| producing sound to form words |
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| repeating words or phrases for rhetorical effect |
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| ironic statement meant to harm or ridicule |
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| the study of meaning in language |
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| a word or symbol composed of a signifier and the signified |
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| an idea, object, or thing which can be represented by a signifer |
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| the word or picture or symbol used to represent the signified |
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| comparing two things using words such as like or as |
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| using language to accomplish a task |
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| the rules of words being combined into sentences |
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| using excessive restraint in making an assertion |
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| a group problem-solving technique characterized by spontaneous and unrestrained discussion or a written list of free-flowing ideas |
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| a speech arrangement used to discuss a problem and the causes of the problem (cause-effect), or a problem and the consequences of the problem (effect-cause) |
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| arranges speech topic according to the sequential order in which events or steps occured |
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| words or phrases that connect your ideas together and indicate how they are related to eachother |
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| your listeners oerceive you as qualified to discuss your topic because you are believable, competent, and trustworthy |
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| a brief outline intended to jog your memory while you deliver your presentation |
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| a recap of the main points at the conclusion of the presentation |
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| a detailed and complete outline intended to help you prepare your speech |
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| a broad purpose for your speech, which is usually to inform, persuade, or entertain |
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| a sentence in the introduction that lets the audience know what is coming in the body of the speech |
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| sentences used in the main body of the speech to indicate what will be covered in the key points |
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| statements used during the presentation to summarize what you just said |
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| a method to generate ideas and determine relationships among ideas for presentations before organizing your outline |
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| your audience will remember what they heard first, so present your most important points first |
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| a speech arrangement that explores either the causes or consequences of a problem, and then offers a solution that addresses the problem |
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| your audience will remember what they heard last, so place your most important points last |
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| a verbal or nonverbal signal that the speaker is moving from one topic to another |
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| an idea-organizing method for speech preparation that uses note cards so that you may re-stack and re-group ideas that go together |
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| a speech arrangement that is organized by geographic location or direction |
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| a single concise aspect of your topic and what you hope to accomplish in your presentation |
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| a speech arrangement that uses naturally occurring parts, sections, or divisions, which may or may not be arbitrary |
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| a word, phrase, or nonverbal cue indicating movement from one idea to another |
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| suggestive or indirect meaning |
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| the deriving of a conclusion by reasoning; inference in which the conclusion about the particulars follows necessarily from general or universal premises; a conclusion reached by logical deduction |
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| standard or literal meaning |
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| something that is made plain and understandable |
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| of or relating to the emotions |
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| an outward sign or something that furnishes proof |
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| an often plausible argument using false or invalid inference; a false or mistaken idea |
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| hasty generalization fallacy |
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| make a conclusion without enough evidence |
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| argument rests on an origin, historical tradition, or sacred practice: "We've always done it this way; therefore, this is the best way!" BUT times change and new values replace old ones |
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| The expression"You can't prove it won't work" illicitly uses a double negative. Incomplete knowledge also does not mean a claim is or isn't true |
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| Appeal to popular opinion (bandwagon fallacy) |
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| Because other people are doing it then so am I, appeals to group support |
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| Appeal to (misplaced) Authority |
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| putting your belief in someone with no credibility |
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| Sequential Fallacy (causal fallacy/ post hoc, ergo propter hoc) |
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| After this; therefore because of this. MUST have relationship! |
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| Begging the Question Fallacy |
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Nothing new has been said
ex: "Abortion is murder because it is taking the life of the unborn" Rephrases the claim (it is murder) to form the reason (it is taking a life) |
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a word may have more than one meaning, or a phrase may be misleading. Using a term without clarifying its specific meaning can result in confusion or inaccurate claims.
ex: Dog for same: Eats anything and is fond of children" |
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| Persuasive Definition Fallacy |
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| value terms and other abstract concepts are open to special or skewed definitions that are unique to the person or group offering them |
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| Name-calling fallacy (attacking the person/ ad hominem) |
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| using irrelevant personal characteristics to cloud the issues at hand |
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| uses irrelevant facts that are tangentially related to the topic to obscure the central issue |
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| contain problem to having two camps: "you're either with me or against me" Only to approaches to a problem |
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| Non Sequitur (Does not follow) Fallacy |
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| irrelevant info not related to the topic to cloud the issue |
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| a general statement, law, principle, or proposition. The act or process whereby a response is made to a stimulus similar to but not identical with a reference stimulus |
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| a general statement, law, principle, or proposition. The act or process whereby a response is made to a stimulus similar to but not identical with a reference stimulus |
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| the act of passing from one proposition, statement, or judgement considered as true to another whose truth is believed to follow from that of the former; the act of passing from statistical sample data to generalizations |
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| serving to prove something or test it |
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| needless repetition of an idea or statement |
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| firsthand authentication of a fact or evidence |
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| clearly pronouncing each syllable within each word |
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| communication apprehension |
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| level of nervous anticipation felt before a presentation, which can be enabling or debilitating |
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| emphasizing one word or group of words within a sentence to highlight an idea |
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| practiced but not memorized speech |
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| speaking with little to no preparation |
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| reading verbatim from a prepared document |
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| speaking from rote memorization |
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| the use of the body, face, and voice during a presentation |
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| an unnatural, forced style of speaking that some adopt to think sounds more professional |
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| word choice and language selection during a presentation |
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| the use delivery as a tool to help shape your interaction and involve your audience |
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| presentation style that is practiced |
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| a detailed accounting that makes several points |
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| to focus too much on the message creating a rift between the speaker and the audience |
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| to focus too much on what the speaker herself is doing rather than connecting with the audience |
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| an undeveloped example that always follows a factual illustration |
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| a learned disposition of feeling toward something |
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| an understanding that something is true or false |
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| a state of conflicting thoughts or emotions that produces tension that a person works to reduce |
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| bases on which judgements are made |
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| Maslow's hierarchy of Needs |
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| Suggests that there are physiological, safety, social, self-esteem, and self-actualization needs that people desire to have fulfilled |
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| Monroe's Motivated Sequence |
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| attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action |
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| determines whether an issue exists (is it real?) |
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| determines whether an issue is governed by a policy that should be implemented or changed |
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| determines whether an issue is important or relevant and why |
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| discovering the available means of persuasion in any given situation |
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| From the Greek, "stand," a way of asking questions to determine the main issue of an argument or debate |
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| listeners you most want to influence |
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| means of "shielding" your eyes from things that might bias you against an argument (e.g., race, gender, religion, etc.) |
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| a deeply felt, ethical stance toward something |
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| a particular structure of reasoning that mediates differences between opposing forces |
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| a short summary of the argument/statement that the advocate wishes the audience to believe |
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| a short summary of the argument/statement that the advocate wishes the audience to believe |
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| a partial syllogism based on the probable with a missing premise |
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| this is the evidence that functions as the foundation and support for the claim |
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| a question of the ket terms in the debate |
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| symbolic action, words, and/or deeds that have a sequence of meaning for those who interpret them |
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| the degree to which the story holds together |
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| the degree in which the story matches our own beliefs and experiences in the world |
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| a question of condensing the debate to the necessary and pertinent information |
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| the means to process differences between opposing forces |
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| the core point(s) around which the argument revolves |
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| a form of rhetorical discourse in which certain premises have been made and a conclusive premise follows |
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| an argument made by example |
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| comparing two incompatible ideas where one is referred to as an "appearance" and the other is referred to as "reality" |
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| the inferential leap from the claim to the grounds- the reasoning argument works like an elbow connecting the upper arm (the claim) to the lower arm (the grounds) |
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| the inferential leap from the claim to the grounds- the reasoning argument works like an elbow connecting the upper arm (the claim) to the lower arm (the grounds) |
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| a structural division that breaks a topic into "classes" of information |
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| interruptions in languages, such as pauses and filler words (e.g., um and uh) |
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| the Greek word meaning "credibility" |
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| a type of speaking wherein the speaker has little to no times to prepare a presentation on a given topic |
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| from the greek for "the word;" it is translated as logic |
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| a story used to support a claim; the story can be personal or hypothetical |
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| evidence supporting a claim; the story can be personal or hypothetical |
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| structural division in which all main points unify to support the thesis or central idea |
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