Term
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Definition
Forebrain (2 parts)
Telencephalon
Diencephalon |
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Term
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Definition
cerebral hemisphere (2, l/r)
has Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, and Occipital areas
surface is grey matter - cerebral cortex
underlying white matter
CORPUS CALLOSUM |
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Term
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Definition
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Subthalamus
Epithalamus
gives rise to OPTIC NERVE
contains 3rd ventricle (pineal gland on roof) (pituitary gland ventrally) |
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Term
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Definition
Midbrain
gives rise to oculomotor (III) and trochlear (IV)
CRUS CEREBRI |
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Term
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Definition
hindbrain (2 parts)
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon |
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Term
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Definition
PONS
contains rostral end of 4th ventricle
gives rise to trigeminal nerve (V)
CEREBELLUM
vermis = media region
bilaterally cerebellar hemispheres
surface partitioned into FOLIA (ridges), separated by SULCI (grooves) |
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Term
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Definition
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
contains most of 4th ventricle
gives rise to CN VI-XII |
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Term
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Definition
#1-12
control functions of head and 5 senses |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Vestibulocochlear
Mylencephalon |
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Term
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Definition
Glossopharyngeal
Mylencephalon |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Peripheral Nervous System parts |
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Definition
Somatic (controls voluntary movement)
Autonomic (maintains homeostatis) |
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Term
| Autonomic Nervous System parts |
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Definition
Parasympathetic (rest and digest)
Sympathetic (fight or flight) |
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Term
| Neurological Signs of FOREBRAIN dysfunction |
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Definition
altered mentation
change in behaviour
seizures sometimes reported
contralateral proprioceptive deficits
contralateral menace absent
circling TOWARDS side of lesion |
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Term
| Neurological Signs of CEREBELLAR dysfunction |
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Definition
mentation normal
hypermetria, dysmetria (coordination)
intention tremors
can have head tilt (contralateral) |
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Term
| Neurological Signs of BRAINSTEM dysfunction |
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Definition
mentation can be normal to abnormal
head tilt and wide base stance
CN III-XII can show deficits
IPSILATERAL proprioceptive deficits |
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Term
| Derivation of Nerves for Forelimb |
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Definition
| Cranial Intumescence - brachial plexus - thoracic limb |
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Term
| Derivation of Nerves for hindlimb |
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Definition
| Caudal intumescence - lumbosacral plexus - pelvic limb, sphincter, tail |
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Term
| Spinal nerves in Thoracic Plexus |
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Definition
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Term
| Spinal nerves in Lumbar Plexus |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Acetylcholine, Glutamine, Aspartate |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Types of Sensory Receptors |
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Definition
Mechanoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Thermal receptors
Photo receptors
Pain receptors |
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Term
| Sensitivity vs. Localization |
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Definition
Primary afferent nerves connect to surface, lead to secondary fibres.
Many Primary nerves leading to few secondary = SENSITIVITY
Few/One Primary nerve leading to one secondary nerve = LOCALIZATION |
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Term
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Definition
| improves localization and pattern recognition |
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Term
| Skin Afferent Nerve Fibres |
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Definition
Free nerve endings
Terminal encapsulations
Thermal receptors (free and encapsulated)
Nociceptors (free)
Joint receptors |
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Term
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Definition
mainly in hairy skin
not specific to a particular stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
hairless skin, mostly mechanoreceptors
Pacinian
Ruffini
Merkel
Meissners |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| detect tension in collagen fibres |
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Term
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Definition
| detect deformation in skin |
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Term
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Definition
| detects sideways shearing |
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Term
| Classifications of AFFERENT Nerve Fibres |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
The stretch reflex
Muscle spindle stretching leads to increased alpha motor neuron activity, causing muscle fibers to contract and resist stretching.
secondary set of neurons causes opposing muscle to relax.
REFLEX MAINTAINS MUSCLE AT CONSTANT LENGTH |
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Term
| Reflex arc Common Structure |
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Definition
Receptor system
Afferent (sensory) nerve
Efferent (motor) nerve
Effector system - muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| Receptor -> Afferent Pathway via sensory neuron -> enter spine via dorsal roots -> exit via ventral roots -> Efferent Pathway via lower motor neuron -> muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| Receptor -> Afferent Pathway via sensory neuron -> enter spine via dorsal roots -> interneuron within spine -> exit via ventral roots -> Efferent Pathway via lower motor neuron -> muscle |
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Term
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Definition
Spinal Reflex
Femoral nerve
Nerve roots and segments
L4-L6 |
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Term
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Definition
Spinal reflex
Sensory pinch toes
Radial, median and ulna
C7,C8,T1,T2
Reflex
Flexion of carpus, elbow and shoulder
Axillary, musculocutaneous, median, ulnar (radial)
C6,C7,C8,T1,T2 |
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Term
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Definition
Sensory pinch toes
Sciatic (tibial peroneal)
L6,7,S1,S2
Reflex
Flexion of hip, stifle and tarsus
Sciatic
L6,7,S1,S2 |
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Term
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Definition
aka Cutaneous trunci reflex
Spinal reflex
Sensory pinch skin over dorsum
Spinal nerves T2-L2
Reflex
Bilateral contraction of the cutaneous trunci, which ever side stimulated
C8-T1 |
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Term
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Definition
Spinal Reflex
Sensory pinch perineum
Pudendal nerve
S1-Cd5
Reflex
Contraction of the anus and “clamping” of the tail
Pudendal nerve (anus)
Caudal nerves (tail) |
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Term
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Definition
Real: Release of inhibition from UMNs
Pseudo: Reduction in action of antagonistic pair |
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Term
| Clonus in Patellar Reflex |
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Definition
Oscillation of stifle
Classic finding with UMN lesion affecting pelvic limb |
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Term
| Exaggerated Patellar Reflex |
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Definition
LMN sciatic dysfunction
Disproportionately large and uncontrolled stifle extension
Due to failure of antagonistic pair |
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Term
| Localization of Spinal Nerves |
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Definition
C1-C5
C6-T2: Brachial Plexus
T3-L3
L4-S1: Lumbosacral Plexus
S1-Cd |
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Term
| 3 basic functions of neurons |
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Definition
Sensory input: collect info about ext environment and internal cond.
Integration: receive sensory input, analyze it, and make decisions
Motor output: Neurons that carry out the instructions |
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Term
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Definition
Anatomical: Encapsulated and non-encapsulated
OR
Location: Exteroreceptors, Proprioceptors, Interoceptors |
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Term
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Definition
| Near the surface of the body. Sensitive to change in external environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensitive to movement of muscles, tendons and joints |
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Term
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Definition
| Located within the viscera. Sensitive to change in internal environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| the dendritic zone is on or near the surface of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| the dendritic zone in in the wall of the various viscera of the body |
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Term
| General somatic afferent (GSA) |
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Definition
Touch, temperature, proprioception and noxious stimuli.
Cranial nerve V for the head
Spinal nerves for the rest of the body |
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Term
| Special somatic afferent (SSA) |
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Definition
Vision: Cranial nerve II
Sound: Cranial nerve VIII |
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Term
| General visceral afferent (GVA) |
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Definition
Organ content, distention, chemicals
Cranial nerves VII, IX and X to visceral structures in the head
Cranial nerve X and spinal nerves to the viscera and blood vessels of the rest of body. |
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Term
| Special visceral afferent (SVA) |
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Definition
Taste: Cranial nerves VII, IX and X
Olfaction: Cranial nerve I |
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Term
| Sensory inputs to the brain |
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Definition
Rostral Colliculus
Caudal Colliculus
Mesenphalic Nucleus
Main sensory Nucleus
Vestibulocochlear Nuclei
Spinal Nucleus
Solitary Nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| Proprioceptive information from pelvic limbs |
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Term
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Definition
| Proprioceptive information from thoracic limbs |
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Term
| Dorsal and ventral Spinocerebellar tracts |
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Definition
| Information to cerebellum for coordination |
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Term
| Lateral and Ventral Spinothalamic tracts |
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Definition
| Information to thalamus about pain, itch, touch and temperature |
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Term
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Definition
Upper Motor Neuron
Motor neurons that originate in the motor region of the cerebral cortex or the brain stem and carry motor information down to the lower motor neurons |
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Term
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Definition
Lower Motor Neurons
Neurons located in either the ventral horn of the spinal cord or the cranial nerve nuclei of the brainstem with motor function. |
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Term
| General Somatic efferent (GSE) |
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Definition
Dendritic zone in striated muscle throughout body
Cranial nerves: all of them except from I, II and VIII.
Ventral nerve roots and spinal nerves for the rest of the body |
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Term
| General Visceral efferent (GVE) |
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Definition
Dendritic zone in involuntary smooth muscle of viscera
Cranial nerves: III, VII, IX, X and XI.
Spinal nerves for the rest of the body |
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Term
| Motor Outputs Spinal Tracts |
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Definition
Corticospinal tracts (pyramidal system)
Rubrospinal tracts (extrapyramidal system)
Reticulospinal tracts (extrapyramidal system)
Vestibulospinal tracts (extrapyramidal system)
Tectospinal tracts (extrapyramidal system) |
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Term
| Corticospinal tracts (pyramidal system) |
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Definition
| Motor information directly from cerebral cortex. Poorly developed in domestic animals |
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Term
| Rubrospinal tracts (extrapyramidal system) |
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Definition
| Motor information from red nucleus in the brainstem |
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Term
| Reticulospinal tracts (extrapyramidal system) |
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Definition
| Motor information from reticular formation in the brainstem |
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Term
| Vestibulospinal tracts (extrapyramidal system) |
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Definition
| Motor information from vestibular nuclei in the brainstem |
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Term
| Tectospinal tracts (extrapyramidal system) |
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Definition
| Motor information from the tectal region in the brainstem |
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Term
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Definition
0. Normal
1. Pain (no neurological deficits)
2. Ambulatory paresis
3. Non-ambulatory paresis
4. Plegia
5. Plegia with absent deep pain sensation |
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Term
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Definition
| weakness of voluntary movement, or partial loss of voluntary movement or by impaired movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| paralysis, cessation of motion |
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Term
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Definition
| The folding process in vertebrate embryos, which includes the transformation of the neural plate into the neural tube |
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Term
| Grey Matter Differentiation |
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Definition
Dorsal Column
Intermediate Column
Ventral Column |
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Term
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Definition
develop into sensory/afferent pathways
Axons emerge from neural crests and grow into alar plate |
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Term
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Definition
| becomes Autonomic Nervous System |
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Term
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Definition
develop into motor/efferent pathways
axoms grow from basal plate out of neural tube |
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Term
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Definition
produced in choroid plexus of brain, acts as cushion for cortex.
occupies subarachnoid space and ventricular system, surrounded by grey matter |
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Term
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Definition
Contains CSF (functions shared with CSF)
Contiguous with ventricular system circulation of CSF
A real space with clinical significance |
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Term
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Definition
A virtual space that can be “created” by introduction of “stuff”
Between dura and arachnoid
Haemorrhage (rare domestic species)
Injection of imaging contrast material |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Technique very similar species
Under anaesthesia, flexion of the neck required
Enter in mid-line between C1 and C2
Needle enters between Atlas and base of skull into CISTERN MAGNA
Stop advancing needle as enter CSF space |
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Term
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Definition
Variation between species depending on caudal extent spinal cord
Anaesthesia small animal, standing restraint large animal
Needle advanced to floor spinal canal and withdrawn |
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Term
| Pro/Cons of each CSF collection location |
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Definition
Blood contamination less likely with cervical
Cervical likely to reflect brain and generalised condition
Lumbar tap more likely to reflect focal spinal and caudal lesion
Lumbar tap more likely to be “dry”, particularly small fat patients / cats |
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Term
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Definition
Lumbar arteries of aorta, intercostal arteries and vertebral arteries
Supply
Paired spinal arteries
Supply
Dorsal & ventral root artery per spinal cord segments
Supply
Superficial and anastomosing arteries of the spinal cord
Supply
Deep arteries in the spinal cord leading to 3 vascular zones |
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Term
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Definition
Ventral spinal vein (drains the spinal cord)
Drain into
Vertebral venous sinus
Drain into
Segmental spinal veins
Drain into
Vertebral veins (neck, C1-T4), Azygos vein (thorax,T4-L3) & Caudal vena cava (abdomen, L4-L7)
Drain into
Systemic circulation |
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Term
| Structure of Arterial Supply |
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Definition
| Arterial supply reflects the segmental structure of the spinal cord |
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Term
| Structure of Venous Supply |
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Definition
Ventral sinus arrangement predisposes to prolonged bleeding
Vessel distribution predisposes to focal disruption of cord function |
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Term
| Location of CSF Lumbar Puncture |
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Definition
Dog L5-L6 (smaller dogs go caudally)
Cat L6-L7
Horse L6-S1
Cow L6-S1 |
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Term
| Three 'functional' divisions of Cerebral Cortex |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Vision —> Visual cortex
Hearing —> Auditory cortex
Touch —> Somatosensory cortex
The two hemispheres receive information from the opposite (contralateral) side of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
related to controlling voluntary movements.
Two main types:
Pyramidal system:
Direct with no synapses in the brainstem.
Pass through the ventral pyramids.
Fine motor skills.
Extrapyramidal system:
Has synapses within the brainstem nuclei. |
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Term
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Definition
| Function to produce a perception of the world enabling an animal to interact with their environment effectively. |
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Term
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Definition
within Telencephalon
correlates emotion and behaviour with the autonomic nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| Translates signals to the cerebral cortex from auditory, somatic, visceral, gustatory and visual systems |
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Term
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Definition
It is mainly related to the overall regulation of the Endocrine system.
It is closely related to the pituitary gland.
Controls the autonomic nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
Pituitary Gland
Production of hormones as part of the endocrine system |
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Term
| Neurological signs of forebrain dysfunction |
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Definition
Mentation: Normal, obtunded or stupor
Change in behaviour can be reported
Seizures can be reported
Contralateral proprioceptive deficits
Contralateral menace response absent
Circling towards the side of the lesion |
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Term
| three main functions of brainstem |
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Definition
Conduction: All information relayed from body to the cerebrum/cerebellum and vice versa must traverse the brainstem.
Cranial nerves function: Cranial nerves III-XII emerge from the brainstem.
Integrative functions: Involved in cardiovascular system control, respiratory control, alertness, awareness and consciousness. |
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Term
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Definition
medulla oblongata
Regulation of HR, Change of blood pH and CO2 —> Chemoreceptors, Change of BP —> Baroreceptors in aortic and carotid bodies.
Acts by sending nerve impulse to pacemaker via autonomic fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| physiological nervous system response to increased intracranial pressure (ICP) that results in Cushing's triad of increased blood pressure, irregular breathing, and a reduction of the heart rate |
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Term
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Definition
found in the medulla oblongata and pons
Control the rate and depth of respiratory movements.
Injury may lead to respiratory failure.
Change of blood pH and CO2 —> Chemoreceptors |
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Term
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Definition
Ascending reticular activating system
Responsible for awake state, level of consciousness and sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| Collection of neuronal cell bodies that form a ill-defined meshwork in the central core of the brainstem. From the caudal diencephalon to the medulla oblongata. |
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Term
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Definition
smooth and coordinate motor function for posture and movement.
It acts as a regulator, not a primary initiator, of motor activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| convey proprioceptive information or information relevant to the planning and execution of motor activity |
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Term
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Definition
| are from the Purkinje cells and are inhibitory |
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