Term
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Definition
| Used Camera obscura first |
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Definition
| Had idea of creating lens instead of hole on pinhole camera |
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Definition
| patented achromatic lens: image with minor chromatic abberation |
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Definition
first observer of photochemistry
Heated silver nitrate and exposed it to light; figured out light alone causes chemical change in silver nitrate |
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Definition
Copied silhouettes of leaves onto leather with AgNO3
Wrote paper to royal society
couldn't find a way to make the image permanent |
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Definition
Took negatives of his courtyard with AgCl and fixed partially with Nitric acid.
Called them "retinas"
Used compounds light bleached instead of darkened
Heliographie |
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Definition
Brazil; worked with paper sensitized with Silver salts
first person to use term photography |
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Term
| Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre |
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Definition
discovered invisible image could be developed using mercury vapor
Exposures of 20-30 mins
Fixed images with salt |
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Term
| Daguerrotype Disadvantages |
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Definition
Viewed by reflected light on copper plate
Direct positive, image is reversed left to right
No additional copies; solid metal |
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Term
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Definition
Calotype Process patenter
First negative/positive photographic process inventor |
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Term
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Definition
coated writing paper with soln of silver halide, impregnate with agno3 and gallic acid
Produced negative image on paper from which positive prints could be made
Unlimited number of prints could be made |
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Term
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Definition
invented Wet Collodion process
Glass plates had to be coated, exposed, and developed on the spot
Users of this technique had to travel around with all chemicals involved in the process |
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Term
| James Clerk Maxwell and Thomas Sutton |
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Definition
Demonstrated in a lecture to Royal Society that photographic records could be used to analyze and synthesize all colors present in a scene using RED, GREEN, and BLUE light
RGB ADDITIVE |
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Term
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Definition
CYM- SUBTRACTIVE theory
Suggested that dyes and pigments absorb (or subtract) from light all colors except their own.
one of the EARLIEST surviving color photo to date |
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Definition
Suggested use of Gelatin as replacement for collodion
This was made into an emulsion poured over plates that quickly dried and set. Invention of first photographic dry plate |
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Definition
| Discovered effect of adding sensitizing dyes to monochrome photographic emulsions to extend their inherent sensitivity to blue visible and UV radiations |
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Term
| Kodak Camera (first one, shutter speed and slogan) |
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Definition
Single operating speed of 1/125 of sa second and fixed focus lens.
"you press the button, we do the rest" |
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Term
| Professor Gabriel Lippmann |
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Definition
Invented direct process of color photography: INTERFERENCE PROCESS
produced natural color picture without filters or dyes
Nobel Prize for Physics |
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Term
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Definition
developed First line-screen ADDITIVE COLOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESS
Basis for Dufaycolor system |
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Term
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Definition
Produced panchromatic monochrome plates
Plates sensitive to all colors of visible spectrum |
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Term
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Definition
Autochrome plate patenters; Additive color process
Very successful |
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Definition
Dioptichrome process patenter
this process formed mosaic of red, green, and blue filters.
1 red: 1 blue: 2 green |
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Term
| Rudolph Fischer and H. Siegrist |
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Definition
First scientists to outline the fundamental chemistry involved in couplers
First guys to propose development of multi-layer color films |
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Definition
| Designer of Leica 1 camera, the first camera to use 35mm perforated film. |
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Term
| Leopold Godowsky and Leopold Mannes |
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Definition
| Kodachrome inventors- first three-color subtractive reversal film with color couplers added at the color development stage |
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Term
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Definition
introcuded the first subtractive multi-layer color film with the coupling components incorporated within the three layers
also produced first solor negative film from which color prints could be made |
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Term
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Definition
Introduced the first polaroid b&w peel apart DIFFUSION TRANSFER photographic material
First "instant photography" product |
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Term
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Definition
Sony first
Captured inage using A charge-coupled sensor device (CCD) and stored on reversible 2" floppy |
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Term
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Definition
| Color photographic emulsion technology controlling blue color better |
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Term
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Definition
Color Negative film
capable of exposure indexes up to 3200 with normal processing and 1600 ASA with modified processing |
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Term
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Definition
Light tight box
Lens
Mechanism to hold or attach light sensitive film medium |
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Term
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Definition
| controls the level of light reaching the film; usually a shutter |
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Term
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Definition
| level of illumination during exposure is controlled by this. |
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Term
| Single Use/ Disposable Camera |
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Definition
usually contains:
-small wide angle plastic lens
- 20% of film developing |
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Term
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Definition
-point and shoot
-only small amount manufactured now
-use 110 format film (16 mm wide)
-fixed camera lens, some with telephoto that'll slide over
-25 mm wide angle lens and close focus
-exposure determined by weather symbol settings |
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Term
| 35mm Compact (non-reflex) |
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Definition
Direct vision cameras
Fixed focal length, fixed focus lens without any control features like aperture and shutter speed
autofocus sometimes
Best is Leica M7 |
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Term
| Advanced Photo System (APS) |
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Definition
Compact camera - uses film size less than 35 mm format Choice between formats C, H, and P (Classic, Hi Def, and Panoramic)
-date, time and title on reverse of all prints
Fixed time printing mode; prevents correction for over/under exposure prints
-Mid roll change enables film to be removed before completely exposed and reloaded later
-visual and machine readable indication of teh exposure status of the film (in filling in of the circle) |
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Term
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Definition
Easy to handle
Sharp, bright images
Compact and capable of focusing in dim conditions
Capable of focusing in the dark
Can allow the user to shoot sequence of frames in succession |
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Term
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Definition
Parallax error
no depth of view preview
Many auto focus cameras are too slow to focus
Single focal length (mostly)
Most compact cameras are reliant on battery power |
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Term
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Definition
Single Lens reflex
mirror reflects image onto a screen where it's finely focused. Pentaprism corrects left right and reflects through eyepiece on the back. |
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Term
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Definition
| What the lens sees is different from what the eyepiece sees |
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Term
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Definition
No parallax error required
Facilitates lens interchange
Through the lens metering is available to reduce light levels entering the lens
surfeit of accessories available
Fully auto focus models adjust to lens faster than manual |
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Term
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Definition
Inability to see thru viewfinder at actual moment of exposure
More complex, ore difficult to utilize to its potential
Passive auto focus sharpness detection: can cause problems when recording scenes with insufficient light/contrast |
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Term
| Advantages of Roll film SLR |
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Definition
Increased image size roll film
interchangable film backs- change from one type of film to another in mid session
bladed shutters and that enables electronic flash synchronization at wide range of shutter speeds |
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Term
| Disadvantages with Roll Film SLR |
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Definition
Individual lenses are far more costly than their 35 mm format equivalents
Bulkier than 35mm |
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Term
| Advantages of the Roll Film Twin Lens Reflex Camera |
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Definition
Focusing screen provides more image formation than direct vision viewfinder camera without expense and complexity of SLR
Image observed on focusing screen at all times
The mechanics are simple and reliable |
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Term
| Disadvantages associated with Roll film twin lens reflex camera |
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Definition
Parallax error
image on screen is reversed left to right
Most models don't have a light metering system
Do not have interchangable lenses |
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Term
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Definition
| 5 by 7 inches, 4 by 5 inches, and 8 by 10 inches. other sizes can be sourced :11 by 14 or 16by 20 |
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Term
| Advantages with large format technical camera |
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Definition
Exceptional range of camera movement
Individual exposures can be processed immediately due to use of sheet film
Operated with wide range of lenses and long bellows allow for macro without added items
Sharper images, better tonality, and grain free |
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Term
| Disadvantages associated with Large Format Technical Camera |
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Definition
Heavier and slower to operate than other designed cameras
Operation is fully manual and time consuming
Exposure determination can be complicated
problem viewing uncorrected image
depth of field
impractical for anything other than still
cost per photo is higher than other formats |
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Term
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Definition
| -polaroid, finished image within short period after exposure |
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Term
| What's the typical area covered by a panoramic camera? |
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Definition
| 140 degrees horizontally and 50 degrees vertically |
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Term
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Definition
| Due to the size of the small lens |
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Term
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Definition
sensor is a CCD
resolution between 9 and 12 megapixels
zoon lens but just enlargement of existing image |
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Term
| Mainstream Digital cameras |
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Definition
CCd
Resolution between 10 and 13 Megapixels
Focal length from 28 mm to 560 mm
wide range of shutter speeds, exposure modes, and ISO speed settings |
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Term
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Definition
the intermediate between professional and mainstream
real size pentaprism with 95-100% coverage of the image
Raw capability, depth of field preview, and dynamic range optimiser |
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Term
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Definition
the intermediate between professional and mainstream
real size pentaprism with 95-100% coverage of the image
Raw capability, depth of field preview, and dynamic range optimiser |
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Term
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Definition
the intermediate between professional and mainstream
real size pentaprism with 95-100% coverage of the image
Raw capability, depth of field preview, and dynamic range optimiser |
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Term
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Definition
the intermediate between professional and mainstream
real size pentaprism with 95-100% coverage of the image
Raw capability, depth of field preview, and dynamic range optimiser |
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Term
| Professional Digital cameras |
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Definition
35mm DSLRs and medium/larger format
CCD or CMOS
JPEG and RAW and 100% image coverage |
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Term
| One exposure single matrix |
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Definition
| Reg green or blue is recorded on each individual pixel and full color is achieved via bayer filter. Software interpolation fills in missing colors |
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Term
| Three-exposure single matrix |
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Definition
Takes three separate images thru RGB filters individually and then incorporates them within a spinning wheel in the camera. Every single pixel provides sequential RGB readings
max resolution and full color |
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Term
| One exposure triple matrix |
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Definition
Three matrices, splites RGB and directs upwards to the matrix.
Assoc. with video cameras |
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Term
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Definition
Associated with med, lg format camera backs
Coted with R, G, or B filters, transports array over image by means of a screw |
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Term
| Multi-exposure Single Matrix |
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Definition
| Moves array 3-4x by full width of a pixel, enabling gaps w/in RGB info to be filled w/out recourse to software interpolation |
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Term
| Multi-Exposure Single Matrix |
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Definition
Greater color accuracy, moves array or itself or light beam position following each reading
Readings of RGB elements from identical image positions avoiding software interpolation |
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Term
| Problems associated with lens design |
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Definition
Image quality
coverage of the image area
level of consistency over a wide range of subject distances
Acceptabililty of the widest aperture
weight and size limiting factors |
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Term
| What determines the actual characterization of the glass? |
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Definition
Refractive index value
Dispersion measurement |
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Term
| criteria lens glass must fulfill: |
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Definition
Must have correct physical properties to prevent breakage whilst the glass is being shaped during the machine/polish stages
Must be completely colorless
No air bubbles
Resistant to atmospheric conditions
Reasonable physical handling capabilities |
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Term
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Definition
Affect all parts of field of view
Chromatic and spherical |
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Term
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Definition
Just outside the center of field
-Chromatic, curvature of field, astigmatism, coma, curvilinear distortion |
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Term
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Definition
| No sharp image over full field of view- center and edges can't be focused at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| Parallel incident rays focused more tightly if they enter the lens far from the optic axis than closer |
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Term
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Definition
appears as if off axis object point with two short lines occupying different positions in space
oblique error |
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Term
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Definition
| Lens has different refractive index for different wavelengths of light. Color fringing. Direct |
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Term
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Definition
Off axis rays not converging at the focal plane.
oblique |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by variation in image magnification radially from optical axis and doesn't affect sharpness, jus shape. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Lens size for Medium format |
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Definition
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Term
| Lens size for large format |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
the distance from the center of the lense to the principle foci of the lens when the lens is set to infinity
more sharp in smaller distances than large, larger gives increased magnification |
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Term
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Definition
Represents the viewing area of the human eye without perspective distortion
Focal lenth: 38-55mm
compact and light
large max aperture
ability to focus close without accessories
Tends to be cheaper due to lg production |
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Term
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Definition
Shorter focal length than std.
Moderate and extreme. Encompass a vast image area
EXPAND PERSPECTIVE AND INCREASE SPACE
Excellent depth of field
compact and light, large max aperture |
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Term
| Focal length of moderate wide angle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Extreme wide angle lens focal length? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Long focus, magnifies image
Small max aperture
Decrease perspective and space, shallow d.o.field
compresses perspective |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
300-2000mm
Larger and heavier and bulky, narrow field of view |
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Term
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Definition
Variable focal length, altered by moving internal glass elements.
Extremely popular, lenses with fl between 50-210 are most popular
Continuous change of image size
Rapid frame up of action shots, sports images, candid images
Less need to carry wide range of fixed focal length lenses
creates special effects
most have macro mode, mostly crap |
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Term
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Definition
based onmirrors rather than glass elements
no aperture change associated with this lens
Reduces level of contrast, produce donut effect |
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Term
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Definition
Extreme wide angle
Circular: 180 degrees, widest is 220 degrees
used in peepoles
Extreme distortion |
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Term
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Definition
Designed for photographing small objects or very fine detail with larger objects.
Dof is important, focus on one key area, lighting is difficult, may need ring flash. |
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