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COMM 107
Terms vs. Definitions
88
Other
Undergraduate 1
05/14/2007

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Term
Gestural Theory
Definition
A theory suggesting that long before humans spoke, they communicated with their hands. Also, speech was an ingenious innovation but not quite the freakish marvel that linguists have often made it out to be.
Term
Significant-other Theory
Definition
Centers on the principle that our understanding of self is built by those who react to and comment on our language, actions, ideas, beliefs, and mannerisms.
Term
Language-Explosion Theory
Definition
Proposes that humans build communication skills from the core of language developed early in life.
Term
Language Instinct Theory
Definition
A theory that argues that language is a human instinct wired into human brains by evolution. Thus, language is a biological adaptation to communicate information.
Term
Social Construction of Reality Theory
Definition
Theory that suggests that our world and how we deal with it are shaped by how we talk about its various components. Our meanings and our understandings result from our communication with ourselves and with others.
Term
Denotative Meanings
Definition
Direct explicit definition based meanings.
Term
Connotative Meanings
Definition
Implications that are strung along with a word.
Term
Inarticulates
Definition
Sounds, words, or phrases that no meaning or that do not help the listener gain a clear understanding of the message; fillers that cover up the speaker's inability to think of what to say or fill in thinking time or that are bad vocal habits -- for example, "you know" and "stuff like that"
Term
Source
Definition
Originator of the Message.
Term
Messages
Definition
The material or information that is communicated.
Term
Encoding
Definition
Putting ideas into message form.
Term
Decoding
Definition
Translating of a received message.
Term
Feedback
Definition
Response to a Message
Term
Channels
Definition
The five senses by which the messages are carried from and to the sender and receiver.
Term
Noise
Definition
Any internal or external interference in the communication process, including environmental obstacles, physiological impairment, semantic problems, syntactic problems, organizational confusion, cultural influences or psychological problems.
Term
Communication
Definition
Conscious or unconscious, intentional or unintentional process in which feelings and ideas are expressed as verbal and or nonverbal messages, sent, received, and comprehended. This process can be accidental (having no intent) expressive (resulting from the emotional state of the person), or rhetorical( resulting from specific goals of the communicator.
Term
Ethnocentrism
Definition
The belief that one's culture is primary to all explanations of reality.
Term
Models of Communication
Definition
Three Types:

Linear, Interactional, Transactional.
Term
Linear Communication Model
Definition
The sender sends a message to the receiver and that's all.
Term
Interactional Communication Model
Definition
A relatively one way type of conversation. (Stand up comic) One sender and one receiver but this time the sender gets feedback.
Term
Transactional Communication Model
Definition
Messages and feedback are sent to an from parties equally.
Term
Nonverbal Communication
Definition
All messages that people exchange besides the words themselves.
Term
Gestures
Definition
The use of hands, body movements, and facial expression while one is speaking.
Term
Nonverbal Gestics
Definition
Movements of the body including posture, walk, and stance, which can provide clues about a person's status, mood, ethnic and cultural affiliation and self-perception.
Term
Adaptors
Definition
Movements that accompany boredom, show internal feelings, or regulate a situation. For example, those who are bored often tap their fingers on a table or bounce a crossed leg.
Term
Affect Displays
Definition
Facial gestures that show emotions and feelings such as sadness or happiness; pouting, winking, and raising or lowering the eyelids and eyebrows are examples of affect displays.
Term
Illustrators
Definition
Kinesic acts accompanying speech that are used to aid in the description of what is being said or to trace the direction of spee
Term
Emblems
Definition
Nonverbal acts that have a direct verbal translation or dictionary definition(e.g., making a circle with your thumb and pointing finger for OK.
Term
Regulators
Definition
Nonverbal acts that maintain and control the back and forth nature of speaking and listening between two or more people; nods of the head, eye movements, and body shifts are all regulators used to encourage or discourage conversation.
Term
Halo Effect
Definition
The theory that suggests that a person will be given more credence based on how hot they are.
Term
Devil Effect
Definition
The theory that suggests that a person won't be given credence based on their ugliness.
Term
Listening
Definition
A process that involves reception, perception, attention, the assignment of meaning, and response by the listener to the message presented.
Term
Listening Process
Definition
Speaker --> Message --> Reception --> Attention --> Assignment of meaning --> Listener's response --> Feedback.
Term
Hearing
Definition
A biological activity that involves reception of a message through sensory channels; the first action in the listening process.
Term
Schema
Definition
Information that is shaped by the language categories and by the way our brains process information.
Term
Perceptual Filters
Definition
The device in the brain that strains the stimuli received and separates what makes sense from what doesn't based on a person's background, culture, experience, roles, mental and physical state, beliefs, attitudes, and values.
Term
Discriminative Listening
Definition
The listeners attempt to distinguish among auditory and visual stimuli.
Term
Comprehension Listening
Definition
The attempt to recognize and retain the information in a message; to comprehend a message, the listener must first discriminate the message to recognize its auditory and visual components.
Term
Therapeutic Listening
Definition
The attempt to be an empathic listener by putting oneself in the emotional and intellectual place of the sender; requires a listener to learn when to ask questions, when to stimulate further discussion, and when, if ever, to give advice.
Term
Critical Listening
Definition
A listener's attempt to comprehend and evaluate the message that has been received; a critical listener assesses the arguments and the appeals in a message and then decides whether to accept or reject them.
Term
Appreciative Listening
Definition
The attempt of a person to engage in enjoyment or sensor stimulation of a message, such as listening to humorous speakers, comedians, or music.
Term
Listening Influencers
Definition
Role of the Speaker, Role of the Message, Role of the Channel, and the Role of External and Internal Variables.
Term
Intrapersonal Communication
Definition
Communication with yourself that includes thought processing, personal decision making, listening, and determination of self-concept.
Term
Self-Talk
Definition
A nearly constant subconscious monologue or inner speech with oneself; sometimes referred to as inner speech.
Term
Self-Concept
Definition
The view has of oneself.
Term
Public-Self
Definition
The image a person lets others know, Objection is to get people to like them through their alter ego.
Term
Real Self
Definition
What a person thinks of herself or himself when being most honest about her or his interests, thoughts, emotions, and needs.
Term
Communication Apprehension
Definition
Speech anxiety that may be situation specific , as when a person is anxious about communicating in a specific setting, or general, as when a person is anxious about communicating all situations.
Term
Values
Definition
What a person perceives to be of positive or negative worth.
Term
Attitudes
Definition
A person's perspectives and viewpoints.
Term
Beliefs
Definition
A person's convictions.
Term
Interpersonal Communication
Definition
Communication that takes place between two persons who establish a communicative relationship that includes conversations, interviews, and small-group discussions.
Term
Communication System
Definition
A pattern of rules and methods that is set up in communicative relationships and that describes how the relationship is functioning; a pattern of communication determined by who is participating, the setting, the purpose, and how these elements interact.
Term
Relational Costs
Definition
An individual's investment of money, time, and emotion in a relationships; the investment as a part of the economic model of relationships.
Term
Relational Rewards
Definition
An individuals' profits from being involved in a relationship; the positive gains received as a part of the economic model of relationships.
Term
Power
Definition
The ability to control what happens -- to cause things you want to happen and to block things that you do not want to happen.
Term
Expert Power
Definition
Ability to influence people based on the knowledge and skills you are presumed to have.
Term
Referent Power
Definition
Power based on personal loyalty, friendship, affection, and admiration.
Term
Reward Power
Definition
Power attained because you have the goods that people want.
Term
Coercive Power
Definition
Power stemmed from fear of consequences that may follow if you are not listened to.
Term
Legitimate Power
Definition
Power based on a perceived higher position than the one power is being exercised on.
Term
Self-Disclosure
Definition
Intentionally letting another person know who you are by communication self-revealing information, which can be done through verbal or nonverbal messages.
Term
Conflict-Avoidance
Definition
Dealing with conflict by not confronting the conflict; putting up with the status quo, no matter how unpleasant, in order to avoid conflict.
Term
Conflict-Active cultures
Definition
Cultures in which conflict is accepted as important part of life; common in most of the Middle East, Mediterranean, Central, and South American, and Arabic countries.
Term
Negotiation
Definition
The act of bargaining to reach an agreement in which at least two people work on a mutual problem.
Term
Arbitration
Definition
Expert third party sits in on an argument and helps the parties reach a conclusion. Both sides agree to abide by the decision.
Term
Litigation
Definition
Using a judge to decide a conflict. Decision is based on evidence.
Term
Mediation
Definition
A third party helps the others arrive to their own conclusion.
Term
Interviewee
Definition
The person who is being interviewed; she or he should prepare for the session by knowing the purpose of the meeting and what his or her and responsibilities are.
Term
Interviewer
Definition
The person responsible for an interview's arrangements; person who takes the lead in conducting the activity; usually establishes the time, location, and purpose of the meeting.
Term
Direct Questions
Definition
Explicit Questions with short answers eg "when were you born"
Term
Open Questions
Definition
Not so direct, still require an objective answer. Eg What is your educational background.
Term
Closed Questions
Definition
A question which provides the interviewee with an opportunity to provide their opinion.
Term
Bipolar Questions
Definition
Opinion based question with only a yes or no answer. Eg. Do you like hawt secks?
Term
Leading Questions
Definition
Questions that try to elicit a desired response.
Term
Loaded Questions
Definition
Questions designed to elicit an emotional response.
Term
Yes-Response
Definition
A question which is designed to generate a response that agrees with the interviewer.
Term
Mirror Questions
Definition
Intended to get a person to expand upon a comment they have already made.
Term
Probes
Definition
Questions that are used to get the interviewee to explain further meaning.
Term
Groups
Definition
Multiple people communicating with one another to fulfill a goal.
Term
Advantages of Groups
Definition
More opinions, and the risky shift phenomenon
Term
Disadvantages of Groups
Definition
Groupthink, Pollyanna-Nietzsche effect.
Term
Risky Shift Phenomenon
Definition
When in a group people are more likely to take chances and act less conservatively.
Term
Groupthink
Definition
The mode of thinking by members of a group engaged in the process of decision making in which concurrence seeking becomes so dominant that it tends to override realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action.
Term
Plagiarism
Definition
Takes place when a speaker uses the ideas and words of someone else while offering them as his or her own without giving credit to the originator of the material.
Term
Audience Analysis
Definition
A layout of how the speech will go, how the audience may react, where they are coming from etc.
Term
Monroe's Motivated Sequence
Definition
Attention, Need, Satisfaction, Visualization, Action
Term
Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs
Definition
Self Actualization, Esteem, Love/Belonging/Safety/Physiological
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