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The process of using messages to generate meaning |
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person who initiates the conversation (encodes) |
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Person who decodes/interprets the message |
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symbols (verbal or nonverbal) |
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an individuals background, values, attitudes, beliefs |
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the time and place in which communication occurs |
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sender transmits a message to a receiver S --> R |
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sender transmits a message then receiver decodes message and responds S-->R .... R-->S |
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communication is simultaneous between sender and receiver S<-->R |
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Communication is simultaneous but parties must negotiate meaning. S(<)((--))(>)R |
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Intrapersonal Interpersonal Public Mass |
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Intrapersonal Communication |
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Interpersonal Communication |
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Comm. with others. Dyadic: comm. b/t 2 people Small group: comm. b/t 3-15 people |
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b/t a sender and a large immediate audience w/feedback (public speaking. more than 15 people) |
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b/t a sender and a mass public (unseen audience) computer mediate comm. |
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Meanings are in words. T/F |
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FALSE. Meanings are in people not in words. We give our own meanings to words. |
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Communication is a verbal process. T/F |
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FALSE The process of comm. is both verbal and nonverbal |
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Telling is communicating T/F |
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FALSE Telling is only part of communicating. Receiving is also part |
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Communication will solve all our problems. T/F |
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FALSE. Comm. can either create or solve problems. |
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Communication is a good thing. T/F |
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FALSE Communication cannot solve all problems--it is a TOOL-. The way a person uses comm. determines its goodness or badness. |
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The more communication the better. T/F |
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FALSE. It is the quality of communication that matters. |
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Communication can break down. T/F |
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Communication is a natural ability T/F |
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Effective comm is merely skill building T/F |
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Effective communication is just common sense T/F |
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Communication is complicated T/F |
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Communication is inevitable, irreversible, and unrepeatable. T/F |
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Different kinds of perception |
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Passive Active Perception is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting stimuli thru the use of our senses |
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the act of receiving stimuli |
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the act of receiving and processing stimuli. (subjective perception) |
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all comm. is filtered according to our schemata |
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cognitive model/structure |
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1. select 2. organize 3. interpret |
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1. select 2. organize 3. interpret |
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1. exposure 2. attention 3. perception 4. retention |
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1. figure/ground 2. closure 3. proximity 4. similarity |
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decoding and applying the stimuli |
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Factors that affect PERCEPTION |
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1. physiological influence (age. gender.) 2. past experiences 3. culture & co-cultural influences (values attitudes beliefs) 4. current mood & feelings |
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as individuals we try to meet other people's expectations of us |
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the self is developed through interaction with others |
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understanding of the self |
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awareness of verbal & nonverbal communication of others toward ourselves |
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Ways to enhance self concept |
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1. make a commitment to improve your self concept 2. gain knowledge as a basis for personal change 3. set realistic goals 4. accept yourself as being in process. 5. create a supportive context for change |
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perceptual error: you view everyone as average |
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generalization of all attributes based on one attribute |
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fundamental attribution error |
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when judging others we attribute success to the situation and failures to their personal characteristics |
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in assessing ourselves we attribute success to our personal qualities and failures to the circumstances |
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meanings that specific words have to an individual |
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we cannot think about things that we do not have a name for. LANGUAGE SHAPES OUR REALITY |
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grammatical errors, colloquialisms, slang, doublespeak, etc. |
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words/phrases used informally example: "whats up" may confuse non-native speakers |
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socially acceptable way to speak about something example "go to the bathroom" |
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language that purposefully disguises the actual meaning of the speaker example: "rightsizing" "restructuring" |
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Ogden & Richard's Triangle of Meaning |
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WORDS ARE ARBITRARY (need to describe words) symbol->referent->reference Dog->picture of dog->brown/fluffy |
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Hayakawa's Ladder of Abstraction |
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WORDS CAN BE AMBIGUOUS abstract ^^^ specific/concrete living animal ^^ dog ^^ spaniel ^^ mikie |
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study of how language is used to evoke meaning in others. deals with the meaning of individual words |
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rules concerning where words can be placed in order to form grammatically correct sentences and phrases |
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indicate the uniqueness of a person, place, thing happening. indicate WHO and WHAT |
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indicate when an observation took place |
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Ekman & Friesen's Categories |
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emblems illustrators affect displays regulators adaptors |
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replace words (the SHH sign) |
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add meaning (nodding your head when you say yes) |
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show emotion (slamming the door) |
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control the flow or pace of communication (yawning or looking at watch when you are bored) |
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movements that you might perform fully in private but only partially in public (rubbing nose in public, not picking it) |
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study of body movements posture eye contact body movement gestures facial expressions |
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study of the human use of space and distance territoriality personal space |
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claiming of space. dependent of context. (bedroom, area @ desk) if you feel more comfortable you take up more space |
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ones personal bubble consistence across contexts |
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four categories of distance |
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intimate: from you - 18 inches personal: 18 inches to 4 feet social: 4 to 12 feet public: exceeds 12 feet |
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the use of touch in communication women value touch more than men do. wore are touched more than men. women touch female children more than they touch male children. males touch others more than females touch others. males may use touch to indicate power or dominance |
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VOCAL CUES volume pitch enunication: combination of articulation and pronunciation quality fluency dialect:accent silence vocal variety: opposite of monotone vocalized pause/vocal sounds:murmurs, gasps, nonword sounds. |
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the study of human clothing and other artifacts as nonverbal codes |
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ornaments or adornments you display that hold communicative potential |
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lean forward direct body orientation close proximity increased touching relaxed posture open arms |
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bigger gestures relaxed posture less eye contact slow and deliberate speech |
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moving toward speaker spontaneous gestures shifting posture/position active facial expressions |
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longer response time reduced eye contact increased shifts in position more hand/shrug emblems more adaptors unfilled pauses less smiling slower speech higher pitch deliberate pronunciation |
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Advantages of studying communication |
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1. can improve the way you see yourself 2. can improve the way others see you 3. can increase what you know about human relationships 4. can teach you important life skills: critical thinking, problem solving, team building, media literacy 5. can help you exercise the right of freedom of speech 6. help you succeed professionally 7. help you navigate an increasingly diverse world |
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grandfather of nonverbal communication |
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Gender and VERBAL language |
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men talk more or equally with women in mixed sex groups. women use more intensifiers (adjectives, adverbs) men interrupt more or equally than women women use more questions women use more justifiers women use more disclaimers |
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