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Communication Studies General
Exam 1 Intro to Com Studies
86
Other
Undergraduate 1
02/10/2009

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Term
Communication
Definition
The process of using messages to generate meaning
Term
Sender
Definition
person who initiates the conversation (encodes)
Term
Receiver
Definition
Person who decodes/interprets the message
Term
Message
Definition
symbols (verbal or nonverbal)
Term
Channel
Definition
mode of transmission
Term
Feedback
Definition
Response to symbols
Term
Culture
Definition
an individuals background, values, attitudes, beliefs
Term
Context
Definition
the time and place in which communication occurs
Term
Action Model
Definition
sender transmits a message to a receiver
S --> R
Term
Interaction model
Definition
sender transmits a message then receiver decodes message and responds
S-->R .... R-->S
Term
Transaction Model
Definition
communication is simultaneous between sender and receiver
S<-->R
Term
Constructivist Model
Definition
Communication is simultaneous but parties must negotiate meaning.
S(<)((--))(>)R
Term
Communication Contexts
Definition
Intrapersonal
Interpersonal
Public
Mass
Term
Intrapersonal Communication
Definition
comm. with the self
Term
Interpersonal Communication
Definition
Comm. with others.
Dyadic: comm. b/t 2 people
Small group: comm. b/t 3-15 people
Term
Public Communication
Definition
b/t a sender and a large immediate audience w/feedback (public speaking. more than 15 people)
Term
Mass Communication
Definition
b/t a sender and a mass public (unseen audience)
computer mediate comm.
Term
Communication Competence
Definition
effective communication
Term
Meanings are in words.
T/F
Definition
FALSE.
Meanings are in people not in words.
We give our own meanings to words.
Term
Communication is a verbal process.
T/F
Definition
FALSE
The process of comm. is both verbal and nonverbal
Term
Telling is communicating
T/F
Definition
FALSE
Telling is only part of communicating. Receiving is also part
Term
Communication will solve all our problems.
T/F
Definition
FALSE.
Comm. can either create or solve problems.
Term
Communication is a good thing.
T/F
Definition
FALSE
Communication cannot solve all problems--it is a TOOL-. The way a person uses comm. determines its goodness or badness.
Term
The more communication the better.
T/F
Definition
FALSE.
It is the quality of communication that matters.
Term
Communication can break down.
T/F
Definition
FALSE
Term
Communication is a natural ability
T/F
Definition
FALSE
Term
Effective comm is merely skill building
T/F
Definition
FALSE
Term
Effective communication is just common sense
T/F
Definition
FALSE
Term
Communication is complicated
T/F
Definition
TRUE
Term
Communication is inevitable, irreversible, and unrepeatable.
T/F
Definition
TRUE
Term
Different kinds of perception
Definition
Passive
Active
Perception is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting stimuli thru the use of our senses
Term
passive perception
Definition
the act of receiving stimuli
Term
active perception
Definition
the act of receiving and processing stimuli.
(subjective perception)
Term
subjective perception
Definition
all comm. is filtered according to our schemata
Term
schemata
Definition
cognitive model/structure
Term
Process of perception
Definition
1. select
2. organize
3. interpret
Term
Process of perception
Definition
1. select
2. organize
3. interpret
Term
SELECTION process
Definition
1. exposure
2. attention
3. perception
4. retention
Term
ORGANIZATION process
Definition
1. figure/ground
2. closure
3. proximity
4. similarity
Term
Interpretation
Definition
decoding and applying the stimuli
Term
Factors that affect PERCEPTION
Definition
1. physiological influence (age. gender.)
2. past experiences
3. culture & co-cultural influences (values attitudes beliefs)
4. current mood & feelings
Term
self fulfilling prophecy
Definition
as individuals we try to meet other people's expectations of us
Term
symbolic interactionism
Definition
the self is developed through interaction with others
Term
self awareness
Definition
understanding of the self
Term
self concept
Definition
evaluation of the self
Term
self monitor
Definition
awareness of verbal & nonverbal communication of others toward ourselves
Term
Ways to enhance self concept
Definition
1. make a commitment to improve your self concept
2. gain knowledge as a basis for personal change
3. set realistic goals
4. accept yourself as being in process.
5. create a supportive context for change
Term
central tendency
Definition
perceptual error: you view everyone as average
Term
halo effect
Definition
generalization of all attributes based on one attribute
Term
fundamental attribution error
Definition
when judging others we attribute success to the situation and failures to their personal characteristics
Term
self serving bias
Definition
in assessing ourselves we attribute success to our personal qualities and failures to the circumstances
Term
denotative meaning
Definition
dictionary definition
Term
connotative meaning
Definition
meanings that specific words have to an individual
Term
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Definition
we cannot think about things that we do not have a name for.
LANGUAGE SHAPES OUR REALITY
Term
Language Obstacles
Definition
grammatical errors, colloquialisms, slang, doublespeak, etc.
Term
colloquialisms
Definition
words/phrases used informally
example: "whats up"
may confuse non-native speakers
Term
euphemism
Definition
socially acceptable way to speak about something
example "go to the bathroom"
Term
doublespeak
Definition
language that purposefully disguises the actual meaning of the speaker
example: "rightsizing" "restructuring"
Term
Ogden & Richard's Triangle of Meaning
Definition
WORDS ARE ARBITRARY (need to describe words)
symbol->referent->reference
Dog->picture of dog->brown/fluffy
Term
Hayakawa's Ladder of Abstraction
Definition
WORDS CAN BE AMBIGUOUS
abstract ^^^ specific/concrete
living animal ^^ dog ^^ spaniel ^^ mikie
Term
semantics
Definition
study of how language is used to evoke meaning in others.
deals with the meaning of individual words
Term
syntax
Definition
rules concerning where words can be placed in order to form grammatically correct sentences and phrases
Term
indexing
Definition
indicate the uniqueness of a person, place, thing happening.
indicate WHO and WHAT
Term
dating
Definition
indicate when an observation took place
Term
Ekman & Friesen's Categories
Definition
emblems
illustrators
affect displays
regulators
adaptors
Term
emblems
Definition
replace words (the SHH sign)
Term
illustrators
Definition
add meaning (nodding your head when you say yes)
Term
affect display
Definition
show emotion (slamming the door)
Term
regulators
Definition
control the flow or pace of communication
(yawning or looking at watch when you are bored)
Term
adaptors
Definition
movements that you might perform fully in private but only partially in public
(rubbing nose in public, not picking it)
Term
kinesics
Definition
study of body movements
posture
eye contact
body movement
gestures
facial expressions
Term
Proxemics
Definition
study of the human use of space and distance
territoriality
personal space
Term
territoriality
Definition
claiming of space. dependent of context.
(bedroom, area @ desk)
if you feel more comfortable you take up more space
Term
personal space
Definition
ones personal bubble
consistence across contexts
Term
four categories of distance
Definition
intimate: from you - 18 inches
personal: 18 inches to 4 feet
social: 4 to 12 feet
public: exceeds 12 feet
Term
tactile communication
Definition
the use of touch in communication
women value touch more than men do.
wore are touched more than men.
women touch female children more than they touch male children.
males touch others more than females touch others.
males may use touch to indicate power or dominance
Term
paralinguistic features
Definition
VOCAL CUES
volume
pitch
enunication: combination of articulation and pronunciation
quality
fluency
dialect:accent
silence
vocal variety: opposite of monotone
vocalized pause/vocal sounds:murmurs, gasps, nonword sounds.
Term
objectics
Definition
the study of human clothing and other artifacts as nonverbal codes
Term
artifacts
Definition
ornaments or adornments you display that hold communicative potential
Term
Liking
Definition
lean forward
direct body orientation
close proximity
increased touching
relaxed posture
open arms
Term
status
Definition
bigger gestures
relaxed posture
less eye contact
slow and deliberate speech
Term
responsiveness
Definition
moving toward speaker
spontaneous gestures
shifting posture/position
active facial expressions
Term
deception cues
Definition
longer response time
reduced eye contact
increased shifts in position
more hand/shrug emblems
more adaptors
unfilled pauses
less smiling
slower speech
higher pitch
deliberate pronunciation
Term
Advantages of studying communication
Definition
1. can improve the way you see yourself
2. can improve the way others see you
3. can increase what you know about human relationships
4. can teach you important life skills: critical thinking, problem solving, team building, media literacy
5. can help you exercise the right of freedom of speech
6. help you succeed professionally
7. help you navigate an increasingly diverse world
Term
Mehrabian
Definition
grandfather of nonverbal communication
Term
Gender and VERBAL language
Definition
men talk more or equally with women in mixed sex groups.
women use more intensifiers (adjectives, adverbs)
men interrupt more or equally than women
women use more questions
women use more justifiers
women use more disclaimers
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