Term
| In America refraction and dispensing had been the exclusive domain of opticianry until _______ book on refraction. |
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Definition
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Term
| By the end of _______ a _________ eye care system had evolved. It included which type of individuals? |
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Definition
1870s
tripartite
eye physicians
refracting opticians
dispensing opticians |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| educated in eye medicine and surgery and offered refraction service but did not dispense opthalmic products |
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Term
| Define refracting opticians |
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Definition
| offered refraction services and relate services including dispensing of spectacles |
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Term
| Define dispensing opticians |
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Definition
| performed no refractions and offered no services. Business only depended upon the prescriptions of eye physicians for a source of income |
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Term
| By the ____, physicians regarded ________ and related services to be part of medicine |
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Definition
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Term
| Physicians thought they had a _____ over refraction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What years are the GENESIS YEARS |
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Definition
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Term
The Beginning of it all began as an ______. What state did it all begin in?
Who initiated the beginning of it all?
What type of optician was he? |
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Definition
| Originated as an insult-recipient- Charles Prentice, a refraction optician who practiced in New York City. |
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Term
| What type of instrument did Prentice employ to detect disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happened in December 1892? |
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Definition
Prentice referred a patient with an "ocular inflammation" to Henry D. Noyes, an opthalmologist practicing in the city.
Noyes sent a note to Prentice who anticipated a thank you but instead a SLAB IN HIS FACE |
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Term
Noyes send Prentice's letter to who??
What did he accuse Prentice of ? |
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Definition
-D.B. St. John Roosa (militant opthalmologist)
-"violating the law", charging a fee, prescribing glasses based on findings |
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Term
| What year did Prentice start to think of means to legalize the practice of optometry by enacting a statue by the state legislature. |
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Definition
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Term
| In what year does Prentice mobilize opticians to oppose the efforts of medicine...targeting Roosa |
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Definition
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Term
| Who did Prentice contact when he planned to unite NY opticians to combat the potential threat? |
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Definition
| Fredrick Boger-editor of the Optometric Journal |
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Term
WHen was the Optical Society of the State of NY established?
Who was it established by?
What group decided to desert Prentices efforts? |
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Definition
-February 1896
-By Prentice
-dispensing opticians |
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Term
| How many opticians resolved to proceed with Prentices Plan? |
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Definition
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Term
"An Act to Regulate the Practice of Optometry in the State of NY" was introduced in the State Assembly in what month and year?
By how many votes did the bill fail to pass the full chamber? |
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Definition
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Term
Why did the bill fail?
(3 reasons) |
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Definition
1. only had 11 backers
2. proposed to regulate all persons practicing optometry
3. included opticians and physicians |
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Term
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Definition
The employment of subjective and objective means to determine the accomodative and refractive states of the eye and the scope of its function in general, or the act of adapting glasses to the eye by using such skilled mean as will determine their choice.
Bill proposed a 4 person-State Board of Examiners in Optometry
Test and certify all persons who desired to practice "optometry" in NY |
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Term
| WHo were in opposition to defeat the bill? ( 2 groups) |
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Definition
1. Physicians (oculist and opthalmologists)
2. Dispensing opticians
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Term
What was the significance of the bill?
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Definition
| No state in the union wrote a bill to include physicians under optometry laws. |
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Term
What happened in 1908?
At this time, how many states had enacted optometry laws? |
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Definition
NY enacts a law led by AJ Cross and EE Arrington
12 |
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Term
| What happened in June 1900? |
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Definition
| Minnesota State Optical Association was organized . |
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Term
| In April 1901, Which state enacted their law in less than one year. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the Minnesota effort 2 provisions wee established. WHat were they |
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Definition
1. grandfathering
2. physician exempting |
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Term
| What was the driving force behind the Minnesota bill and all others were to follow? |
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Definition
| the need for professionalism |
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Term
WHen was the American Association of Opticians founded?
In what year did this associated adopt the term optometrist to desginate those opticians who perform refraction and related services |
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Definition
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Term
In what year does the association change its name to the American optical Association?
In what year does the name change AGAIn to American Optometric Association |
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Definition
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Term
In the case of "People for Use of State Board of Health v Smith" holds that?
In what year
In what state? |
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Definition
The selling of spectacles and the treatment of defective vision is not part of the practice of medicine or surgery
1903
Illinois |
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Term
In the case of Martin v Baldi, it holds that?
In what state?
In what year? |
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Definition
Optometry is a calling seperating from medicine and cannot be regulated by the state board of medicine as a minor branch of that profession. ALbert Fitch convnces to pursue legal action
Pennsylvana
1915 |
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Term
WHat happened in McNaugton v Johnson ?
In what year? |
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Definition
state may rightfully regulate the practice of optometry through licensure thereby establishing the constitutional basis for independent profession.
1917 |
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Term
WHat happened in Baker v Texas in what year?
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Definition
In 1921, TX court of criminal appeals finds Fred Baker guilty of violating the TX medican practice act.
Baker is fined and sentenced to jail for unlawfully practicing medicne but public opinion mounts behind the outlawes optometrists and an optometry practice act is enacted by the TX legislature.
exempted from punishment by the court of 1922 |
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Term
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Definition
| The Pennsylvania College of Optometry awards the FIRST O.D. Degree |
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Term
| In what year does the District of Columbia become the last jurisdiction to enact an optometry law, completing the genesis of legalized optometry |
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Definition
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