Usual presence of disease in a particular geographic region.

Ex. Malaria continues to be a constant concern in parts of Africa

Occurence of an illness or condition in excess of normal expectance in a community or region, usually occurring suddenly and spreading rapidly.

Ex. Nine (9) cases of measles occured in Tarrant County, Tx, in August 2013 compared to the normal rate of 0 to 2 each year.

Epidemic in which the disease may cross international borders to affect several countries or continents. 

Ex. over 20 million people worldwide died from influenza in 1918-1919.

Factors of events capable of bringing about change in health: various factors that make up a multifactorial approach to a disease or health condition

Ex. Social and economic environment, physical environment, and a person's individual characteristics and behaviors

Organism housing the diease; the "who" factor of a disease or condition.

Ex. Humans or animals

Microbial agent that causes the diseae or mechanical cause of the condition; the "what" factor

Ex. Type of bacteria, parasite, virus, fungus, or protoza etc.

Extend of disease, injury, or disability in a defined population

Ex. In the U.S. 30,000 people are dx w/ oral or pharyngeal cancer each year

Death rate resulting from a specific disease or condition.

Ex. In India, 130,000 people died from oral cancer every year: this is est. to be 14 deaths every hour. 

Elimination of an infectous disease agent through survellance and containment; contrasted to control, which is to keep the disease at a minimum level so that it no longer poses a health problem. 

Ex. The elimination of polio in the US through vaccination.

Accuracy of a measurement; measurement results are true or accurate

Explanation: the accuracy of a DMF to indicate caries experience in children. 

The ability to reproducibility of a measurement over time.

Ex. the consistency of an examiner to get the same results when repeating the DMF on the same child

The ability to identify all screened individuals who actually have the disease, influences validity

Ex. The ability of the DMF to identify caries when it is present

The ability to identify only non-diseased individuals who actually do not have the diease; influences validity

Ex. The ability of the DMF to identify the abscence of caries when the tooth has no carious lesion.

Ability of a test to accurately measure of disease or condition. 

Ex. the ability of the DMF to measure caries with accuracy without the use of other diagnostic tools. 

Agreement among two or more examiner as they apply a test or index

Ex. two examiners agree when they measure DMF on the same individuals in a study

consistency of a single examiner in the application of a test or instrument multiple times

Ex. One examiners is consistent when measuring DMF at several examinations on the same individuals

Standardization of examiners as they apply epidemiology-measurements.

Ex. Training and standardizations of the examiners on the use of the DMF to measure caries.

Expressing measurement in epidemiology

What is proportion?

Expressing measurement in epidemiology

What is ratio?

the observation of the disease process in populations

Two type: Passive- data collected voluntarily

Active- data collected out in the field to identify cases of disease. 

Long-term changes or movements in disease patterns and health-related conditions identified by examining surveillance data.

Ex. increase or diease of dental caries or dental visits.