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| a system where political power resides with people |
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| three forms to exercise power |
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| participation, competition, and liberty |
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| found not only where liberal ideology is predominant, but also in socio democratic and mercanlist regimes |
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1) inderect/representatives (representation through elected officials)
2) republicanism (seperation of power)
These modern democraracies are closey interwined with the rise of the modern state. |
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| a condition in which the public and those in power abide by the rules and norms of democratic regime. This way, democracy is instutionalized |
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| Voting and election:allow the public the to have control over their public officials and policies and prevent any one individual or group from maintaining its power indefinitely. |
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| rules that decide how votes are cast,counted, and transalated into seats in a legislature, important issues: drawing electoral districts and counting votes |
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FPTP- first past the post
SMPD- Single member districts
a single legislative member is elected from each electoral district by pluarality of votes |
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| (PR)proportional represntation |
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| voters are translate proportionally into seats in multi-member districts-that elect multiple seats.Parties submit a ist of candidates and send some of them to the legisature based on the votes they receive |
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| Single member districts puraity tends to create a two party system whereas Proportional representation creates multi party systems |
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| refrendums, initiatives plebiscite |
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| direct decisionmaking on poicy issue through eections |
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| two imporatant elements of democratic competition: political parties and the seperation of powers |
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| 1)parties bring together diverse groups and people and ideas into a single group,establishing the means by which the majority can rule. PArties shoud be homogenous enough to create the majority ruebut weak enough to prevent a tyranny of the majority |
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| 2) PArties make it possible to hold politicians accountable for their decisions |
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| Through seperation of powers , democracies diffuse power by giving specific branches the ability to check the political power of other actors. such power may slow politics by requiring oversightof various branches, limiting hasty decision making |
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| branch that carries out the laws and policies of the state |
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| Head of state vs. head of government |
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| ceremonial vs. practica head(reginig vs. ruling |
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Seperate heads
prime minister selected from the legislature |
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less conflict between executives and the legisature
Prime minister removed by the vote of confidence, not serving fixed terms
greater flexibilty |
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| concentration of power(both exec and legis controlled by the same parties)coalition gov> instability, too much power for small parties |
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direct mandate from the people
Fixed term, ensuring stability |
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too much power in one person's hand
Divided gov>policy gridlock |
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| both prime minister and president hold significant power |
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| thre is no direct connection between the electoral system and the kind of the executive system |
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| branch charged with making laws(and arena where national politicsis debated) |
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| pros of bicameral system: consensus-building , upperhouse as a body checking the passion of ower house, diferent terms ensuring political stability/continuity |
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| highest judicial body that rules on the constitutionality of laws and the government actions. cons to strong courts:not directly elected, often thwarting the direct will of the people |
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| mechanisms by which the court review laws and policies and overturn those seen as violation of the constitution>concrete review vs. abstract review |
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| liberty is not simply freedom from interfernce by the state but the active creation rights,civil rights. shared civil rights common in all democratic systems:freedom of speech,of association,right to fair trial,right to privacy,equal traetment under the law diifer in states, the constution outlaws antidemocratic activity |
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State sovereignty: capacity and autonomy-both challanged from above and from below because of two processes
1)integration
2)devolution |
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| states pool their sovereignty, surrendering individual powers to gain political,economic,or social benefits in returns |
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| political power is devolved (sent down) to lower levels of government>leading to greater local participation, efficiency, and flexibility |
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| prominent example of intergration |
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isolation=mistrust,insecurity, inequality
intergration=peace,prosperity |
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| European Commision, council of ministers, european parliment, european court of justice>moving from an intergovernmental to supranational systems |
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| Benfits of intergration vs. loss sovereignty |
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| the reduced ability of the public to exercise control over those in power in an international organization >more and more state powerhas shifted to supranational institution that are highly autonomous but not under direct democratic control |
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| powers and resources are transferered away from central state instution to lower levels> more state power has shifted to supranational institution that are highly autonomus but not under direct democratic control |
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| pre-modern emphasis on traditional forms of authority and basic survival>modern:rationality and science,individualism,autonomy problems with material growth>emergence of postmodern values:environment, health issues,Leisure,quality of life, rejection of authority,nationalism,patriotism |
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anarchism:due to devolution spreading small,grassroots organizations/also,the internet(no central authority,no hierarchy,no borders,no physical location
fascism: hostility towards outsiders(immigrants) other extremist(ahum shrinkyo) |
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| less developed countries vs. newly industrializing countries |
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dramtic growth and democratization known as NICs.
poverty, violence and civi conflict known as LCDs |
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| ASia , midde east and europe |
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| are single political authorities that have under their sovergeinty a large # of external territories and people. |
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| describes the system whereby a state extends its power in order to directly control, territory,resources, and people beyond their borders |
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| colonialism interchangable with imperialism |
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| a word that stresses the physical occupation of a foreign territory through military force of settlers. |
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| to the rest of the world: territories that were carved up by imperial states and borders drawn by these statesoften reflected thir own political power and needs rather than exsisting geographic ,religious or linguistics. having conqured these territories,imperiail powers established state power and authority |
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| imposing notions of ethnicity and nationality |
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| Before imperial control, people in much of the world identified themselves by tribe or religion or by economic position rather than by ethnic or national identity ,imperial elites, themselves shaped and defined by national and ethnic groups in their colonies , structuring their control around these classifications |
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| uneven economic development |
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| colonial economies were organized by th eneeds of the capilist home country , to provide goods that were available in th ehome country as well as to import goods from the latter. |
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| uneven economic development lead to dependent development |
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| dependent development: in which colonies were developed ony to facilitate effective extraction and export |
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| Challenges & prospects for democracy/development |
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1)buiding state capacity
2)fostering social identities
3)Generating economic growth |
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| politicization of the state |
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| the bureaucracy is a source of jobs, resources and benefits , becoming part of clientelism system and rent seeking (patrimonialism at extreme) |
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| the state is not independent from social influences ;it's pentrated by actors and organiztions that exploit the state resulting in kleptocracy(government by theft) |
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| where state capacity is weak |
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| new indirect form of imperialism |
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| import substitution industraliztion |
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poorer countries, unable to compete with advanced countries, shoud create more positive conditions for local industries
2)this requires the state support (tariffs, nontariff barriers) to protect local industries from international competition>mercantilism
3)results: hothouse economy-industries heavily subsidized by the state unabe to compete on the world market |
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1)product life cycle
2)result-internationally competitive industries |
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