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| a political system in which a small group of individuals exercises power over the state without being constitutionally responsible to the public |
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| a non democratic regime that is highly centralized, posessing some form of strong ideology that seeks to transform and absorb fundamental aspects of state, society, and the economy, using a wide array of institutions |
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| compelling behavior by threatening harm |
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| the process by which individuals are brought into a beneficial relationship with the state, making them dependent on the state for certian rewards |
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| a method of co-optation whereby authoritarian systems create or sanction a limited number of organizations to represent the interests of the public and restrict those not set up or approved by the state |
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| a process whereby the state co-opts members of the public by providing specific benefits or favors to a single person or a small group in return for public support |
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| a process in which political leaders essentially rent out parts of the state to their patrons, who as a result control public goods that would otherwise be distributed in a nonpolitical manner |
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| promotion of the image of an authoritarian leader not merely as a political figure by as someone who embodies the spirit of the nation and possesses endowments of wisdom and strength far beyond those of the average individual and is thus portrayed in a quasi-religious manner |
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| rule by a single leader, with no clear regime or rules constraining that leadership |
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| an arrangement whereby a ruler depends on a collection of supporters within the state who gain direct benefits in return for enforcing the ruler's will |
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| rule by one or more military officials, often brought to power through a soup d 'etat |
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| a move in which military forces take control of the government by force |
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| bureaucratic authoritarianism |
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| a system in which the state bureaucracy and the military share a belief that a technocratic leadership, focused on rational, objective, and technical expertise, can solve the problems of the country without public participation |
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| rule by one political party, with other parties banned or excluded from power |
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| a nondemocratic form of rule where religion is the foundation for the regime |
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| rule by an elected leadership through procedures of questionable democratic legitimacy |
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| a political system in which political power is exercised either directly or indirectly by the people |
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| Democracy that allows the public to participate directly in government desicion making |
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| individual rights regarding equality that are created by the constitution and the political regime |
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| individual rights regarding freedom that are created by the constitution and the political regime |
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| Organizations outside of the state that help people define and advance their own interests |
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| a geographical area that an elected official represents |
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| the highest judicial body in a political system that decides whether laws and policies violate the constitution |
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| a set of rules that decide how votes are cast, counted, and translated into seats in a legislature |
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| an electoral system in which individual candidates compete in single-member districts; voters choose between candidates, and the candidate with the largest share of the vote wins the seat |
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| the branch of government that carriers out the laws and policies of a state |
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| the executive role that deals with the everyday tasks of running the state, such as formulating and executing policy |
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| a political system in which a legislature comprises of two houses |
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| judicial review that allows the constitutional court to rule on the basis of actual legal disputes brought before it |
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| judicial review that allows the constitutional court to rule on questions that do not arise from actual legal disputes |
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| a political system that promotes participation, competition, and liberty and emphasizes individual freedom and civil rights |
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| democracy in which representatives of the public are responsible for government decision making |
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| a national vote called by members of the public to address a specific proposal |
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| the branch of government charged with making laws |
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| the mechanism by which courts can review the actions of government and overturn those that violate the constitution |
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| an electoral district with more than one seat |
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| an electoral system that uses a combination of single member districts and proportional representation |
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| proportional representation |
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| an electoral system in which political parties compete in multimember districts; voters choose between parties, and the seats in the district are awarded proportionally according to the results of the vote |
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| a nonbinding vote called by a government in which the voters express an opinon for or against a proposal |
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| a political system in which the roles of head of state and head of government are assigned to separate executive offices |
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a political system in which the roles of head of state and head of government are combined in one executive office
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| indirect democracy that emphasizes the separation of powers within a state and the representation of the public through elected officials |
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| a system in which all individuals and groups, including those in government, are subject to the law, irrespective of their power and authority |
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| an electoral district with one seat |
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| a national vote called by government to address a specific proposal, often a change to the constitution |
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| the clear division of power between different branches of government and the provision that specific branches may check the power of other branches |
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| an executive system that divides power between two strong executives, a president and a prime minister |
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| the executive role that symbolizes and represents the people both nationally and internationally |
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| a political system in which the legislature comprises one house |
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| a country with institutionalized democracy and a high level of economic development |
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| a process in which political power is "sent down" to lower levels of state and government |
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| a process by which state pool their sovereignty, surrendering some individual powers in order to gain shared political, economic, or societal benefits |
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| a system in which two or more countries cooperate on issues |
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| Characterized as secular, rational, materialistic, technological, and bureaucratic, and placing a greater emphasis on individual freedom then in the past |
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| characterized by a set of values that center on "quality of life" considerations and give less attention to material gain |
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| the shift during the last half century from an economy based primarily on industry and manufacturing to one in which the majority of ppeople are employed in the service sector, which produces the bulk of profits |
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| Work that does not involve creating tangible goods |
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| An intergovernmental system with its own sovereign powers over member states |
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| the legislature-like body of a communist party |
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a political economic system in which all wealth and property are shared so as to eliminate exploitation, oppression, and ultimately the need for political institutions such as the state a political ideology that advocates such a system |
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| a communist economic system in which the state explicitly allocates resources by planning what should be produced and in what amounts, the final prices of goods, and where they should be sold |
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| the creation of the market forces of supply and demand in a country |
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| politically sensitive or influential jobs in the state, society, or economy that were staffed by people chosen or approved by the Communist Party |
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| a political system in which power flows directly from the ruling political party (usually a communist party) to the state, bypassing government structures |
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| Literally, restructuring. The policy of political and economic liberalization implemented in the soviet union in the late 1980's |
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| the top policy-making and executive body of a communist party |
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| the transfer of state-owned property to private ownership |
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| a process of rapid marketization |
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