Term
| What are the seven levels of organization within the nervous system and what is the function of each? |
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Definition
Behavior
Systems/pathways
Centers and local circuits
Neuron
Microcircuits
Synapse
Membranes
Molecules/ions |
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Term
| What are the two major divisions of the nervous system and what is the function of each? |
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Definition
CNS: Evaluation of stimuli
PNS: Sensory/motor |
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Term
| What are the two major components of the PNS? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 major components of the brain? |
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Definition
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brain Stem |
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Term
The PNS is composed of what 2 divisions? What is the function of each?
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Definition
Afferent: Outside --> inside (sensory)
Efferent: Inside --> outside (motor) |
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Term
| The efferent system is composed of what 2 components? What is the function of each? |
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Definition
Autonomic: controls unconscious processes and responses
Somatic: controls voluntary responses and processes |
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Term
| The ANS is composed of what two divisions? What is the function of each? |
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Definition
Sympathetic: fight/flight responses
Parasympathetic: Relax/recovery responses (voluntary) |
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Term
| List 5 types of glial cells and the function of each |
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Definition
1. Astrocyte: supports and feeds capillaries and controls ionic balance (PNS and CNS)
2. microglial: acts as a macrophage by eating viruses/bacteria (CNS)
3. ependymal: lines cavities in the brain, produce cerebro-spinal fluid (CNS)
4. oligodendrocytes: makes myelin (CNS)
5. schwann cell: makes myelin (PNS) |
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Term
| What are 3 different types of neurons by function? |
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Definition
1. motor
2. sensory
3. interneurons |
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Term
| What are 3 different connective tissue sheaths covering nerves and where are they located? |
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Definition
1. endoneurium: nerve fibers
2. perineurium: outside
3. epineurium: fascicles |
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Term
| What are five major types of sensory receptors based on function? give an example of each |
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Definition
1. mechanoreceptors: pacinian corpuscle
2. nociceptors: free nerve endings
3. thermoreceptors: free nerve endings
4. chemoreceptors: olfactory neurons
5. photoreceptors: rods and cones |
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Term
| What is the difference between spinal and cranial nerves based on number, location, and function? |
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Definition
Cranial: 12 pairs, sensory or motor or mixed, brain
Spinal: 31 pairs, mixed, spine |
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Term
| What is the difference between a dorsal root and a ventral root in terms of function and location? |
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Definition
Dorsal root: sensory, on the dorsal side of the spinal cord
Ventral root: motor, on the ventral side of the spinal cord |
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Term
| How many cranial nerves are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many spinal nerves are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| Sensory nerves are also referred to as ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Motor nerves are also referred to as ___ . |
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Definition
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Term
| Sensory nerves conduct impulses from _____ to ____. |
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Definition
from outside the body
to the CNS |
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Term
| Motor nerves conduct impulses from _____ to ____ . |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the effectors of the somatic and the autonomic systems? |
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Definition
Somatic: Skeletal
Autonomic: Cardiac, smooth, and glands |
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Term
| What are the neurotransmitter substances released by the neurons of the somatic system and where are they released? |
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Definition
ACH: terminus and preganglionic fibers
Epineprine and NE: adrenal medulla |
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Term
| What are the neurotransmitter substances released by the neurons of the autonomic system and where are they released? |
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Definition
| ACH: terminus and preganglionic fibers |
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Term
| Where do the fibers leave the CNS that make up the sympathetic branch of the ANS? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the sympathetic branch of the ANS? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some examples of body movement after sympathetic stimulation? |
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Definition
| Motor movement (leg bending to jump, wrist twisting, etc) |
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Term
| Where do the fibers leave the CNS that make up the parasympathetic branch of the ANS? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the parasympathetic branch of the ANS? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some examples of body activity after parasympathetic stimulation? |
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Definition
increase in saliva production
heart rate slowing
blood pressure increasing |
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Term
| Where are the sympathetic ganglia located? |
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Definition
| thoracic lumbar region of spinal cord |
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Term
| Where are the parasympathetic ganglia located? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the grey and white rami communicans? |
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Definition
White ramus: communicates from the CNS to the ganglia
Grey ramus: originates in the ganglia and communicates to the CNS |
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Term
| What is the location of the three different types of ganglia in the autonomic system? |
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Definition
Preganglia
Postganglia
Sympathetic chain ganglia
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