Term
|
Definition
-An impairment in the ability to receive, send, process, and comprehend concepts or verbal, nonverbal and graphic symbol systems.
-May be evident in the processes of hearing, language, and/or speech. |
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Term
|
Definition
-Occurs due to imbalance between production and absorption of CSF
-Congenital (during fetal development) and acquired (injury or disease) |
|
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Term
-Communicating
-Non-communicating |
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Definition
| What are the 2 types of hydrocephalus? |
|
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Term
| Communicating hydrocephalus |
|
Definition
| CSF is blocked after exiting ventricles- can still flow between ventricles |
|
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Term
| Non-communicating hydrocephalus (AKA obstructive) |
|
Definition
| CSF is blocked along one or more of the narrow passages connecting ventricles |
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Term
|
Definition
-Have increased risks in almost every organ system.
-Delays in physical growth, & maturation
-Distinct physical traits at birth:
--Colored specks in the iris of eye
--Facial appearance
--Short ear length
--Wide spaced big toe
-Orthopedic problems
--Atlantoaxial subluxation
-Typically, sequenced gross-motor development, but delayed
-Central Hypotonia
--Floppiness without weakness |
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Term
|
Definition
Children with __________________________________:
-Do not begin walking until about 22-24 months compared to 13 months normally
-Shortened bones may affect ability to perform tasks like climbing stairs and propping on elbows
-Don not speak their first word until 18 months of age. By 2 years of age significant language delays have become evident
-Weakness in expressive language, syntactic, and verbal working memory
-Can become over-weight due to lower resting metabolic rate |
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Term
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Definition
| the result of exposure to traumatic events, maltreatment, or polyvictimization beginning in early childhood, occuring within the context of unpredictable, uncontrollable, and violent environments along with inconsistent or absent protective caregiving |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| What ages are critical time for development and a sensitive period for children experiencing trauma? |
|
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Term
| Amygdala, Hippocampus, Frontal cortex, & temporal lobes |
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Definition
| Structural changes occur in which parts of the brain from complex trauma? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| With complex trauma, the limbic system becomes overactive which leads to decreased activation of the...? |
|
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Term
| attachment, biology, affect regulation, dissociation, behavioral regulation, cognition and self-concept |
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Definition
| 7 domains of complex trauma |
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Term
|
Definition
Result of persistent caregiver rejection and failure to provide basic emotional and physical support
These children distance their emotions and avoid establishing meaningful relationships |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| These children experience a range of predictable patterns of detachment and neglect to excessive intrusiveness from their parents |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Develops when children are traumatized by repeated exposure to uncontrollable and unpredictable stress (Ex. physical or sexual abuse in conjunction with consistent absence of nurturing, reliable, and protective caregiver)
This type of child presents with unpredictable responses |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| impaired capacity to describe emotions or bodily states → persistent sign of emotional/affect dysregulation |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Predominate attribute in children exposed to complex trauma
Loss in ability to process and integrate information and experiences
Serves 3 primary functions during exposure to overwhelming trauma
Protective “freeze” responses
Suppression of painful emotions and memories
Detachment from one’s self |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Maladaptive behaviors that lead to misperception of risk, poor impulse control and difficulty understanding consequences of negative behavior |
|
|
Term
Less cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills
Delayed language
Difficulties with attention
Visual-perceptual problems
Lack of persistent curiosity |
|
Definition
| Impaired cognition due to complex trauma includes: |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Common symptoms are are feelings of being unsuccessful, powerless, helpless, incompetent, and unlovable. This indicates a/an impaired ______ |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Adopted and foster care children at higher risk for____ |
|
|
Term
Girls: sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect
Boys: physical abuse |
|
Definition
| In terms of complex trauma, girls are more likely to experience: ________ while boys are more likely to experience _______. |
|
|
Term
female caregivers: neglect, medical neglect
male caregivers: sexual abuse |
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Definition
| In terms of complex trauma ______ are more associated with female caregivers, while ____ are more associated with male caregivers. |
|
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Term
| diagnosis of complex trauma |
|
Definition
| marked by an observable alteration in behavior across multiple domains with prognosis directly related to the extent of exposure, the application of appropriate interventions, and resilience factors |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The ability of an individual to recover from adverse or traumatic events in a manner that is adaptive and nonpathologic |
|
|
Term
1 positive relationship in your life
developing and working on executive function skills
working on self-regulation skills |
|
Definition
| 3 things that build resilience: [with reference to complex trauma] |
|
|
Term
Positive attachment and connections to emotionally supportive and competent adults in a child’s community and family
Development of cognitive and self-regulation abilities
Positive beliefs about oneself
Motivation to act effectively in one’s environment |
|
Definition
| Factors that are most critical for promoting resilience [reference to complex trauma] |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Nondegenerative, non-congenital insult to the brain resulting from an external mechanical force |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Most common cause of acquired disability in childhood |
|
|
Term
Primary Head Injuries→ Occur at moment of impact
Secondary Head Injuries→ Occur within first 24 hours after inciting event |
|
Definition
| What is the difference between primary and secondary head injuries when referring to pediatric TBI? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| type of TBI that is a localized bruise of brain tissue |
|
|
Term
Primary Head Injuries
Secondary Head Injuries
Brain Contusions
Brain Swelling/edema
Vascular Injuries (Hemorrhage or Hematoma)
Elevated ICP (Intracranial pressure)
Scalp injuries
Seizures
Skull Fractures
Electrolyte disturbances→ Changes in Sodium
Cranial nerve injuries
Hydrocephalus
Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI)
Concussion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI) |
|
Definition
Extensive injury to the white matter tracts of the brain that is caused by inertial forces at the moment of impact.
During high velocity impacts (like motor vehicle accident) acceleration or deceleration forces cause the brain to move about inside the skull
Associated with severe TBI |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Closed-head type of brain injury→ Head strikes an object or a moving object strikes the head
May lose consciousness
Can cause short or long term impairments
May lead to dementia |
|
|
Term
Motor vehicle accidents
Falls
Sports Injuries→ Football, lacrosse, hockey
Recreational Activities→ Skiing, surfing, ect.
Assault |
|
Definition
| In the general population, TBI occurs due to: |
|
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Term
| Physical abuse/shaken baby syndrome |
|
Definition
| Primary cause of TBI in children <1 YO |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Primary cause of TBI in toddlers |
|
|
Term
Transportation related injuries
Especially bicycle accidents |
|
Definition
| Primary cause of TBI in younger school aged children |
|
|
Term
Motor Vehicle Accidents
Sports/ Recreational activities |
|
Definition
| Primary cause of TBI in older school aged children |
|
|
Term
| Motor Vehicle Accidents (MVA) |
|
Definition
| Primary cause of TBI in adolescence through 20s |
|
|
Term
Confusion
Headache
Nausea
Vomiting
Photophobia
Phonophobia
Dizziness
Loss of balance
Blurry vision
Double vision
Loss of Memory→ Before, during, after incident
Could have:
Loss of consciousness, seizures, personality changes, slurred speech, body/facial weakness or numbness |
|
Definition
| Clinical signs and symptoms of concussion |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Hypersensitivity to light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hypersensitivity to sound |
|
|
Term
| seizures & administer antiepileptic drugs for the first week to prevent seizures |
|
Definition
| What is a risk factor of TBI, and how is this prevented? |
|
|
Term
Special monitor for brain pressure
(If pressure reaches certain level may need further attention or surgery) |
|
Definition
| may be placed in skull for a severe TBI |
|
|
Term
By use of ventilator
Medication for swelling
Surgery |
|
Definition
| Medical management for TBI includes ____ (Goal is to prevent/ limit secondary brain injury throughout stay) |
|
|
Term
| Close observation and monitoring at home is sufficient |
|
Definition
| If child is: Awake, alert, conversant, interactive, & otherwise asymptomatic following a TBI, the next steps include |
|
|
Term
Change in mental status
Difficulty speaking, loss of consciousness, seizures, confusion, lethargy, or irritability
Weakness in arms or legs
Complaints of severe headaches
Complaints of changes in hearing or vision
Nausea and projectile vomiting
Any loss of consciousness requires immediate evaluation |
|
Definition
| If any of the following symptoms persist following TBI, then further evaluation is needed at a medical facility: |
|
|
Term
| Post-Traumatic amnesia (PTA) Duration |
|
Definition
| Length of time in coma and the time after coma that it takes for a person to remember events and make new memories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Male to female ratio of TBIs is |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| manifested as nonspecific frightening dreams, themes of trauma in play or enactment of the trauma |
|
|
Term
Re-experiencing trauma
Avoidance and numbing
Increased arousal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Acute- 3 months or less
Chronic- more than 3 months
Delayed onset- starts 6 months after the trauma |
|
Definition
PTSD is characterized by duration, so:
Acute PTSD duration is ______
Chronic PTSD duration ______
Delayed onset PTSD duration _____ |
|
|
Term
| Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) |
|
Definition
a pattern of negative, hostile and defiant behaviors
Children must have angry/irritable moods, defiant/headstrong and vindictiveness |
|
|
Term
| most days for at least 6 months |
|
Definition
| Children with ODD under 5 should show these behavior problems how often? |
|
|
Term
| at least once a week for at least 6 months |
|
Definition
| Children with ODD over 5 should show behavior problems how often? |
|
|
Term
| Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) |
|
Definition
| Behavioral problems for this condition must must cause impairments in social, education, or vocational activities and may occur in one or multiple settings |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| must demonstrate a pattern of callous and unemotional behavior in which other people’s rights are violated, norms are ignored, or rules are broken and it must continue for at least 12 months |
|
|
Term
Aggression toward people and animals
Destruction of property
Deceitfulness or theft
Serious violation of rules |
|
Definition
| 4 main problem areas of Conduct Disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What conditions occur at higher rates in children with developmental disabilities? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____ and _____ are associated with ADHD and the treatment for one may improve the condition of the other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| results from threats that are perceived to be uncontrollable or unavoidable but that are not real |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a pattern of persistent and excessive distress, fear, or worry must last at least 4 weeks and significantly impair participation in daily activities |
|
|
Term
| sweating, heart racing, stomach ache, dizziness, crying, tantrums, freezing, and avoidance or intense dread of feared situations/objects |
|
Definition
| Common symptoms of anxiety disorder include: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the most common mental health disorder (EMOTIONAL HEALTH DISORDER)and manifests in a number of ways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the most common anxiety manifestation |
|
|
Term
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) |
|
Definition
A type of ANXIETY disorder
A child with this condition has obsessions, compulsions, or both. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| recurrent thoughts, images, or impulses that are experienced as intrusive and inappropriate and cause anxiety or distress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| repetitive behaviors or mental acts that are done to neutralize an obsession or as part of following rigid rules |
|
|
Term
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) |
|
Definition
| Can be caused by streptococcus infections and is associated with basal ganglia dysfunction |
|
|
Term
1. ADHD Combined
2. ADHD Predominantly Inattentive
3. ADHD Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive
4. ADHD Other Specified or Unspecified |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
adults and children, exhibit both attention and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms
reduction in symptoms often occurs with increasing age
slightly lower threshold in symptoms is sufficient to reliably diagnose the disorder in adults |
|
|
Term
| ADHD Predominantly Inattentive |
|
Definition
6 symptoms if under 17YO, 5 symptoms required if 17YO+
sufficient inattentive symptoms
insufficient hyperactive-impulsive symptoms |
|
|
Term
| ADHD Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive: |
|
Definition
adults and children
6 symptoms under 17YO, 5 symptoms 17YO+ |
|
|
Term
| ADHD Other Specified or Unspecified: |
|
Definition
| individuals who show some symptoms characteristic of the disorder but do not meet diagnostic criteria for any of the other three clinical presentations |
|
|
Term
Difficulty sustaining attention in tasks/play activities
Does not appear to listen when spoken to directly
Fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork or other activities
Poor organizational skills & difficulty managing sequential tasks
Loses items, easily distracted |
|
Definition
| Inattentive symptoms of ADHD (5) |
|
|
Term
Fidgets with hands, squirms in chair
Often gets out of seat when remaining seated is expected
Often runs around, feels restless
Difficulty engaging in leisure activities quietly
Blurts out answers before questions have been completed
Difficulty waiting or taking turns |
|
Definition
| Hyperactive-impulsive symptoms of ADHD (6) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Average age of onset of ADHD |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Boys/Girls? have higher risk of hyperactive type and boys/girls? have a higher risk of inattentive type
Boys/Girls? are 4x more likely to have the disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ADHD is considered a lifelong disorder although studies suggest only about what percentage of children continue to meet criteria for ADHD into adulthood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Best intervention for ADHD? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. How many symptoms do children need in order to qualify for diagnosis?
2. How many symptoms to adults need to qualify for diagnosis?
3. How many settings at a minimum do these need to present in? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transient disturbances of brain function resulting from abnormal excessive excitation of cortical neurons |
|
|
Term
Roll the person onto their side
Cushion the head with a pillow or blanket
Maintain a clear airway
Make sure area around patient is free of sharp objects
Time the seizure
Stay calm
Keep bystanders back
Talk to them, sometimes they can hear you when they are seizing
Speak calmly, encourage them, tell them you aren’t leaving and will make sure they are safe |
|
Definition
| What to do if someone is having a seizure: |
|
|
Term
Do NOT restrain
Do NOT put anything in the mouth
Do NOT shake the person or shout |
|
Definition
| DON’T DO THESE THINGS (when someone is having a seizure) |
|
|
Term
1. generalized
2. partial seizures
3. epilepsy syndromes |
|
Definition
| 3 overarching types of seizures |
|
|
Term
| Absence, myoclonic, tonic, clonic, tonic-clonic, atonic seizures, gelastic |
|
Definition
| Types of Generalized seizures (7) |
|
|
Term
| Simple partial, complex partial, complex partial with secondary generalization |
|
Definition
Types of Partial seizures (60% of cases)
(3) |
|
|
Term
| Infantile spasms, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Landau-Kleffner syndrome, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, benign epilepsy syndromes, febrile seizures |
|
Definition
| Types of Epilepsy syndromes (6) |
|
|
Term
Consciousness
Behavior (i.e. lip smacking)
Motor activity (i.e. jerking of the hands)
Sensation (i.e. aura)
Automatic functioning |
|
Definition
| Seizures are temporary, involuntary changes of: |
|
|
Term
Fever
Acute illness
CNS infection
After TBI |
|
Definition
| Provoked seizures in children often result of: |
|
|
Term
Lights
Fever
Falling and hitting head
Passing out
Alcohol |
|
Definition
| What can provoke a seizure: |
|
|
Term
Replace glass- including shower doors
Avoid taking baths- increased risk of drowning
Don’t use electrical appliances near water
Keep interior doors unlocked
Use caution with hot items
Only use motorized tools with safety switches |
|
Definition
Precautions for seizures
Home |
|
|
Term
Tell HR
Designate an emergency contact
Use safety gear at all times for jobs which require. Avoid jobs with open flames or sources of heat. |
|
Definition
| Precautions At work for seizures |
|
|
Term
Be within arms reach
Eyes on patient during all OOB activities
Padding around bed needs to remain intact |
|
Definition
| Precautions in Inpatient for seizures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
psychiatric disorder characterized by failure to form normal emotional attachments to primary caregivers in early childhood
Manifests in difficulty with mood, behavior, and social relationships |
|
|
Term
Reactive Attachment Disorder
Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder |
|
Definition
| 2 Types of attachment Disorders |
|
|
Term
| Reactive Attachment Disorder |
|
Definition
Less likely to interact with others
Difficulty calming down and do not seek comfort from caregivers
Seem to have little to no emotions |
|
|
Term
| Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder |
|
Definition
Do not appear fearful or cautious around strangers and may be overly friendly and trusting of strangers
May accept food or gifts from strangers or even go with a stranger without checking with parents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Must have a 2 week period with at least five of the following symptoms that represent a change from previous function:
Depressed mood by subjective report or as observed by others
Decreased interest or pleasure in most activities
Significant change in weight or appetite
Insomnia or hypersomnia
Psychomotor agitation or retardation
Fatigue or loss of energy
Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
Decreased concentration or indecisiveness
Recurrent thoughts of death and dying
Symptoms must not be due to bereavement and must cause impairment in the child’s daily function. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Consists of swings between depression and mania/hypomania
Manic episode consists of a distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood lasting at least 1 week. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mood disturbance must have three of the following symptoms if happy and four if irritable
Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
Decreased need for sleep
More talkative or pressured speech or vocalizations
Flight of ideas or racing thoughts
Distractibility
Increased goal directed activity or psychomotor agitation
Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have a high potential for painful consequences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consist of alterations in thinking or perceptions that are not connected with reality. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
primary psychotic disorder
Requires the presence of one or more of the following three symptoms for at least 6 months, with active symptoms for 1 month or less if treated:
Delusions
Hallucinations
Disorganized speech |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
are deeply ingrained ways of thinking and behaving that are inflexible and generally lead to impaired relationships with others.
Behavior problems maintaining healthy relationships and often blame circumstances or people around them for problems they have created
In adolescents: “the individual’s particular maladaptive personality traits appear to be pervasive, persistent, and unlikely to be limited to a particular developmental stage” |
|
|
Term
Personality Disorders
Clusters A, B, & C |
|
Definition
This type of emotional disorders have 10 characteristics organized into 10 clusters.
What is the disorder?
What are the clusters (3)? |
|
|
Term
| Cluster A symptoms of personality disorder |
|
Definition
| Odd, bizarre, & eccentric disorders, including paranoid personality disorder, as well as schizoid and schizotypal personalities. |
|
|
Term
| Cluster B symptoms of personality disorder |
|
Definition
| Dramatic or erratic disorders, including narcissistic personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, and borderline personality disorder |
|
|
Term
| Cluster C symptoms of personality disorder |
|
Definition
| Anxious or fearful disorders, including avoidant personality disorder, dependent personality disorder, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
No single, known cause.
Given the complexity of the disease, and the fact that symptoms and severity vary, there are probably many causes.
BOTH genetics and environment may play a role.
Typical onset- 3 years
Lifelong disability |
|
|
Term
| Disturbances in Communication that occur in ASD |
|
Definition
Social language difficulties
Not speaking or very limited speech
Loss of words the child was previously able to say
Difficulty expressing basic wants and needs
Poor vocabulary development
Problems following directions or finding objects that are named
Repeating what is said (echolalia)
Problems answering questions
Speech that sounds different |
|
|
Term
| Disturbances in Social interactions in ASD |
|
Definition
Poor eye contact with people or objects
Being overly focused on a topic or objects that interest them
Problems making friends
Crying, becoming angry, giggling, or laughing for no known reason or at the wrong time
Disliking being touched or held |
|
|
Term
| Disturbances in behaviors and in sensory/perceptual processing and associated impairments |
|
Definition
Restrictive and repetitive behaviors
Rocking, hand flapping or other movements (self-stimulating movements)
Not paying attention to things the child sees or hears
Problems dealing with changes in routine
Using objects in unusual ways
Attachments to objects
No fear of real dangers
Being either very sensitive or not sensitive enough to touch, light, or sounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Boys are four to five times more likely to develop this condition than girls are.
Families who have one child with this condition have an increased risk of having another child with the disorder
Other medical conditions have a higher than normal risk of having this condition such as Fragile X syndrome, Tuberous Sclerosis, Tourette’s syndrome; and Epilepsy.
Parents' Ages |
|
|
Term
| Recommended screening age for ASD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ages and Stages Questionnaire
Parents’ Evaluation of Developmental Status
Child Development Inventories
MCHAT |
|
|
Term
| Goal of screening for ASD |
|
Definition
| early recognition → access to intervention → improved outcomes |
|
|
Term
| Comprehensive Diagnostic Evaluation |
|
Definition
Autism Diagnosis Interview
Childhood Autism Rating Scale
Gilliam Autism Rating Scale |
|
|
Term
| Sensory Modulation Disorder (SMD) |
|
Definition
| Difficulty with the complex process of regulating and organizing intensity of sensory input to facilitate a functional graded response. |
|
|
Term
| Subtype 1: Sensory Overresponsivity (SOR) |
|
Definition
| Characterized by responses to stimuli that are more intense or have a longer duration than typically expected and may occur in only one or among multiple sensory modalities |
|
|
Term
| Subtype 2: Sensory Underresponsivity |
|
Definition
| Lack of ability to detect incoming sensory information→ misinterpreted as the child having “lazy” tendencies and being unmotivated |
|
|
Term
| Subtype 3: Sensory Craving |
|
Definition
| Children seek sensory input with an approach that results in erratic, disorganized behavior, which appears impulsive, unsafe and boundary-free |
|
|
Term
| Sensory-Based Motor Disorder (SBMD) |
|
Definition
Subtype 1: Postural Disorders
Subtype 2: Dyspraxia
Praxis = Ability to conceive of, plan, and organize a sequence of goal-directed motor activities. MORE THAN JUST MOTOR PLANNING. |
|
|
Term
| Sensory Discrimination Disorder (SDD) |
|
Definition
Difficulty processing sensory stimuli
7 senses → sight, taste, smell, touch, hearing, vestibular and proprioception |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hereditary, environmental factors, prenatal conditions, and perinatal complications (e.g. jaundice, forceps/vacuum delivery, and fetal distress) |
|
|
Term
| Screening and Eval techniques to diagnosis SPD |
|
Definition
| behavioral measures including clinical observations, caregiver-generated sensory profiles and standardized assessments to determine challenges and strengths in this condition. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
intellectual Functioning
Adaptive Behavior
Need to have deficits in both areas to be considered intellectually disabled! |
|
|
Term
| DSM-V classification of the degrees of ID |
|
Definition
Based on the functioning level of the individual
Mild
Moderate
Severe
Profound |
|
|
Term
| 3-step process of classifying ID |
|
Definition
Administer standardized intelligence and adaptive skills assessment.
Describe individual’s strengths and weaknesses across the dimensions of
Intellectual and adaptive behavior skills
Psychological/emotional considerations
Physical/health/etiological considerations
Environmental considerations
Have the interdisciplinary team determine needed supports across those dimensions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Considered lifelong
Non-progressive
Is present from childhood
Hundreds of causes |
|
|
Term
| 5 Assumptions that need to be made in diagnostic process |
|
Definition
Limitations in functioning must be considered within context of environments typical of person’s age, peers, and culture
Valid assessment considers cultural and linguistic differences in addition to differences in communication, sensory, motor, and behavioral factors
Limitations often coexist with strengths within a person.
An important purpose of describing limitations is to develop a profile of needed supports.
With appropriate supports, the life functioning of the person with ID will generally improve. |
|
|
Term
| Classification of ID according to where it occurred in the developmental cycle |
|
Definition
Prenatal
Maternal factors, such as infection and exposure to chemicals and drugs → Low birth weight
Perinatal: two majors Factors
Mechanical Injuries at birth
Perinatal Hypoxia
Postnatal
Traumas that result in injury or a lack of oxygen
Infections that result in injury or a lack of oxygen
Early severe psychosocial disorder
Classified by the origin
Biomedical
Down Syndrome
Fragile X
Spina Bifida
Hydrocephalus
Cortical Atrophy
Environmental
Alcohol or drugs ingested by mother
Maternal conditions, hyperphenylalanimenia, toxemia, CMV, hypertension, and diabetes. |
|
|
Term
1. Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL): involves damage to white matter in the brain adjacent to the lateral ventricles due to ischemia, or restriction in blood supply to the brain tissue.
Hypoxic- ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) AKA perinatal asphyxia- occurs when there is a loss of oxygen resulting in damage to brain tissue..
3. Intra-ventricular hemorrhage (IVH)- bleeding into the brain’s ventricular system.
Grades 1 & 2= small amount of bleeding, typically revolves itself
Grades 3 & 4= involve more severe bleeding, more associated w/ CP
4. Cerebral dysgenesis- a brain malformation that occurs when the brain did not grow properly or develop fully. |
|
Definition
| 4 types of injuries to the brain that often result in cerebral palsy: |
|
|
Term
1. Spastic CP
2. Athetoid CP (AKA dyskinetic type)
3. Ataxia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Most common type, accounts for approx. 80% of people w/ CP
-Is result of upper motor neuron involvement
-Characterized by hypertonicity, retained primitive reflexes and slow, restricted movements
-Contractures are common |
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Term
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Definition
-Results from basal ganglia involvement
-Characterized by involuntary and uncontrolled movements → typically slow and writhing
-Head and trunk control often affected
-Oral musculature affected, resulting in drooling, dysarthria, & eating difficulties
-Fluctuating tone and excessive movements |
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Term
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Definition
-Least common
-Results from involvement of cerebellum or its pathways
-Characterized by unsteadiness and difficulties w/ balance
-Controlled movements are clumsy
-Intention tremors may be present
-Hypotonicity often present |
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Term
Spastic Hemiplegia
Spastic Diplegia
Spastic Quadriplegia |
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Definition
| 3 Subtypes of Spastic CP: |
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Term
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Definition
Subtype of CP:
-Involves one entire side of the body, including head, neck & trunk
-Usually upper extremity is most affected
-Flexor synergy pattern (per Sam) |
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Term
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Definition
Subtype of CP:
-Involves both lower extremities
-Mild incoordination, tremors, or less severe spasticity in upper extremities
-Often attributed to prematurity or low birth weight |
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Term
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Definition
Subtype of CP:
-Entire body is involved
-Arms typically demonstrate spasticity in flexor muscles
-Legs typically demonstrate spasticity in extensor muscles
-Only small percentage will be able to walk independently |
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Term
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Definition
Signs and symptoms of ________________________________:
-Tone abnormalities
-Reflex abnormalities
-Atypical posture/Atypical motor performance
-Delayed motor development |
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Term
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Definition
-No definitive test will diagnose this disorder
-Symptoms that point towards diagnosis of CP
-Other causes must be ruled out before this diagnosis is given
-This is a lifelong disability that is not progressive, there is no further worsening of the condition or further damage
-“Growing into deficits” may occur |
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Term
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Definition
Clinical signs and symptoms of ______________________________:
-Problems with social interaction (e.g., speech style and context, rules for linguistic politeness)
-Problems with social cognition (e.g., emotional competence, understanding emotions of self and others)
-Problems with pragmatics (e.g., communicative intentions, body language, eye contact)
-Repetitive sounds
-Misuse of words |
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Term
| Subtype 1: Postural Disorders (Sensory-Based motor disorders) |
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Definition
| Body functions dependent on smooth and efficient processing of vestibular and kinesthetic input are often disrupted |
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Term
| Subtype 2: Dyspraxia (Sensory-Based motor disorders) |
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Definition
| difficulty with motor planning, the inability to plan unfamiliar or novel tasks, resulting in a clumsy, awkward, maladaptive response |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability to conceive of, plan, and organize a sequence of goal-directed motor activities. MORE THAN JUST MOTOR PLANNING. |
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Term
| intellectual Functioning – (Component of ID) |
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Definition
general mental capability of an individual
Accepted measure of this is IQ – “significant limitation in intellectual functioning” defined as two standard deviations below the means. |
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Term
| Adaptive Behavior - (Component of ID) |
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Definition
| the collection of conceptual, social, and practical skills that people have learned so they can function in their everyday life. |
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