1. Destruction of habitat
2. Invasive species
3. Hunting and over-exploitation

1. Document the full range of species diversity
2. Investigate te impact of species, genetic variation, and ecosystems by humans
3. Protect bio diversity and ecological processes

1. Diversity is good (biophili hypothesis)
2. Untimely extinction is bad
3. Evolution is good
4. Ecological complexity is good
5. Biiological diveristy has intrinsic value (i.e., species have the right to exist)

Fueled the movement against pesticides with her extensive research and book.

Was also a very large figure in the ecology/conservation biology field in general due to her literary genius along with her love for the sciences.

• Alpha: refers to the number of species in a local area (e.g., a single mountain peak)
• Gamma: refers the number of species on a very large scale (e.g., the entire rocky mountains)
• Beta: is the rate of change along an environmental  gradient (done by dividing gamma by alpha)

Both measure diversity in a given ecosystem, but...

• SW measures overal diversity by using species richness as well as evenness; the higher the value the better
• S measures diveristy differently, but by using the same concepts; this gives the chance that 2 animals taken from a ecosystme will be the same species; closer to 0 is more diverse

1. Minor
2. Delayed
3. Immediate
4. Morgue

DUE...

• Distinctiveness: how different are they?
• Utility: what value do they have (i.e., economic; ecosystem; etc.)
• Endangerment: how much trouble are they actually in?

1. Keystone Species
2. Indicator Species
3. Umbrella Species
4. Flagship Species

Protecting one of these species will indirectly protect many other species

Ex: to protect bears you must conserve their habitat, and by conserving that specific habitat you are protecting many other species that live within it.

These species draw attention to conservation efforts

Ex: panda bears and baby seals attract attention to conservation because they're "cute"

Hidden costs or benefits that come with "transactions" and resource use. Can be good or bad

Ex: raising bees for honey is the main economic goal, however, it also means more flowers will be pollinated in surrounding areas (a good externality).

When initially a few people benefit from a transaction at a cost to the larger society, eventually leading to a net loss for everyone

Ex: the conversion of land from prairie/forest to agriculture too rapidly destroys the environment (the Dust Bowl).

When resources are harvested locally but sold on a national/international basis; often times medicine

Often times, this use is extremely threatening (ex: rhino horns to "cure cancer")

The have very little value and very little effect on ecosystems (most of the time); however, if envrionment is destroyed by this, almost impossible to rebuild

Ex: ecotourism (e.g., safaris)

Ex: loss of wetlands or flower populations are impossible to replace if exploited (wetlands are used to clean water)

The rate at which society "discounts" the future; lowers future resources as well as their value.

Ex: a forest has the opportunity to grow and become very large, providing many resources and species habitat in the future. However, because timber is needed now, this future value is ignored.

• GE: no living organism of the species anywhere
• Extant: the opposite of extinct; it does exist
• Extinct in the wild: plenty still exist, but none in the wild growing on their own
• Locally extinct: no longer existing in its native areas
• Ecologically extinct: no longer functioning in the ecosystems they orginally did; usually leads to global extinction (siberian tigers)

• LGR: when a species only exists in certain places around the globe

• Endemic: naturally found in a single area

• Neoendemic: exists only in one spot because it is a new species
• Paleoendemic: only in one spot because it is an ancient species with very few living relatives

• The species are not effective dispensers (i.e., cannot leave their natural habitat)
• Can only live in pristine environments (e.g., fish that live in coral reefs)
• Species that need to form temporary aggregations to reproduce (i.e., when populations need to come together to reproduce)
• Species without any/prior contact with people (e.g., the dodo bird)
• Species with threatened or extinct relatives

The Allee Effect is when species that require aggregations to reproduce do not have large enough populations --> with not enough individuals, they will not reproduce.

Region: G = global, N = national, S = subnational

Level: 1 = critically impaired, 2 = imperiled, 3 = vulnerable to extirpation or extinction, 4 = apparently secure, 5 = widespread, abundant, and secure

LE = listed endangered

LT = listed threatened

LELT = different listings for specific ranges of species

PE = proposed endangered

PT = proposed threatened

1. Physiological potential: need the correct physiology to survive in the given environment
2. Ecological Opportunity: there needs to be an open niche in the environment to fill
3. Phsyical Access: need to the ability to actually move into the new environment

• When continuous habitat area is divided and reduced in dize, leading to "land islands."
• When conditions in the land island become different and more harsh due to the surrounding environment